Periodicidade dos anéis de crescimento de Araucaria angustifolia no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul

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Climatic signals on phenological patterns among tree species in a subtropical forest community

The study of vegetative and reproductive phenophases of plants is critical for understanding aspects related to plant behavior in different environments. In the tropics, there is a gap of understanding related to plant phenology since the theoretical framework on the topic has been built from perspectives of the temperate region. Furthermore, there are few studies in tropical regions influenced by anthropic conditions, which may be important for understanding these issues in the face of future climate scenarios. This study aimed to describe the vegetative and reproductive phenology of trees in an urban subtropical forest community and to test the influence of climatic variables on the tree community. In an urban forest fragment in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, eight individuals of locally dominant species were monitored: Allophylus edulis, Casearia sylvestris, Guarea macrophylla, Mimosa bimucronata, Myrsine coriacea, Myrsine umbellata, Schinus glandulosum, and Schinus terebinthifolia. The monitoring occurred every two weeks, for two years, with the recording of the presence of leaf flushing, leaf shedding, flowering, and fruiting phenophases for each tree. The seasonality of the species was tested using the Rayleigh test. We described the common pattern of community phenological activity by a Principal Component Analysis. Finally, we correlated the common patterns of each phenophase in the community with climatic variables of total precipitation, average temperature, and day length. All species showed a non-uniform phenological pattern for the evaluated phenophases despite the variable intensity. We evidenced common patterns for the community only for the vegetative phenophases. The reproductive phenophases of flowering and fruiting present themselves independently among species in the community. Finally, we identified influences only of temperature and day length on the vegetative phenophases

Tropical tree growth driven by dry-season climate variability

Interannual variability in the global land carbon sink is strongly related to variations in tropical temperature and rainfall. This association suggests an important role for moisture-driven fluctuations in tropical vegetation productivity, but empirical evidence to quantify the responsible ecological processes is missing. Such evidence can be obtained from tree-ring data that quantify variability in a major vegetation productivity component: woody biomass growth. Here we compile a pantropical tree-ring network to show that annual woody biomass growth increases primarily with dry-season precipitation and decreases with dry-season maximum temperature. The strength of these dry-season climate responses varies among sites, as reflected in four robust and distinct climate response groups of tropical tree growth derived from clustering. Using cluster and regression analyses, we find that dry-season climate responses are amplified in regions that are drier, hotter and more climatically variable. These amplification patterns suggest that projected global warming will probably aggravate drought-induced declines in annual tropical vegetation productivity. Our study reveals a previously underappreciated role of dry-season climate variability in driving the dynamics of tropical vegetation productivity and consequently in influencing the land carbon sink.We acknowledge financial support to the co-authors provided by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina (PICT 2014-2797) to M.E.F.; Alberta Mennega Stichting to P.G.; BBVA Foundation to H.A.M. and J.J.C.; Belspo BRAIN project: BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD to H.B.; Confederação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil - CNA to C.F.; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, Brazil (PDSE 15011/13-5 to M.A.P.; 88881.135931/2016-01 to C.F.; 88887.199858/2018-00 to G.A.-P.; Finance Code 001 for all Brazilian collaborators); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq, Brazil (ENV 42 to O.D.; 1009/4785031-2 to G.C.; 311874/2017-7 to J.S.); CONACYT-CB-2016-283134 to J.V.-D.; CONICET to F.A.R.; CUOMO FOUNDATION (IPCC scholarship) to M.M.; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - DFG (BR 1895/15-1 to A.B.; BR 1895/23-1 to A.B.; BR 1895/29-1 to A.B.; BR 1895/24-1 to M.M.); DGD-RMCA PilotMAB to B.T.; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico of the UNAM (Mexico) to R.B.; Elsa-Neumann-Scholarship of the Federal State of Berlin to F.S.; EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation to C.F.; Equatorian Dirección de Investigación UNL (21-DI-FARNR-2019) to D.P.-C.; São Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP (2009/53951-7 to M.T.-F.; 2012/50457-4 to G.C.; 2018/01847‐0 to P.G.; 2018/24514-7 to J.R.V.A.; 2019/08783-0 to G.M.L.; 2019/27110-7 to C.F.); FAPESP-NERC 18/50080-4 to G.C.; FAPITEC/SE/FUNTEC no. 01/2011 to M.A.P.; Fulbright Fellowship to B.J.E.; German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) to M.I. and M.R.; German Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Technology (FRG 0339638) to O.D.; ICRAF through the Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry research programme of the CGIAR to M.M.; Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI-SGP-CRA 2047) to J.V.-D.; International Foundation for Science (D/5466-1) to M.I.; Lamont Climate Center to B.M.B.; Miquelfonds to P.G.; National Geographic Global Exploration Fund (GEFNE80-13) to I.R.; USA’s National Science Foundation NSF (IBN-9801287 to A.J.L.; GER 9553623 and a postdoctoral fellowship to B.J.E.); NSF P2C2 (AGS-1501321) to A.C.B., D.G.-S. and G.A.-P.; NSF-FAPESP PIRE 2017/50085-3 to M.T.-F., G.C. and G.M.L.; NUFFIC-NICHE programme (HEART project) to B.K., E.M., J.H.S., J.N. and R. Vinya; Peru ‘s CONCYTEC and World Bank (043-2019-FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV.) to J.G.I.; Peru’s Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica (FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV 039-2019) to E.J.R.-R. and M.E.F.; Programa Bosques Andinos - HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation to M.E.F.; Programa Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo - PRONABEC to J.G.I.; Schlumberger Foundation Faculty for the Future to J.N.; Sigma Xi to A.J.L.; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to R. Alfaro-Sánchez.; Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs AECID (11-CAP2-1730) to H.A.M. and J.J.C.; UK NERC grant NE/K01353X/1 to E.G.Peer reviewe

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Growth rings of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze : fundamentals of dendroecology in subtropical moutain ecosystems in Brazil

Determinadas espécies arbóreas apresentam ciclos anuais de crescimento e dormência, registrados no lenho por conspícuas estruturas anatômicas – os anéis de crescimento. Nessas árvores pode-se determinar a idade e taxas de crescimento, com resolução calendária anual, através da análise temporal dos anéis de crescimento (dendrocronologia), bem como estudar a variação dessas estruturas segundo as condições ambientais (dendroecologia). Pesquisas recentes têm descrito anéis de crescimento anuais num grande número de espécies tropicais e subtropicais. A exemplo do que ocorre em zonas temperadas e áridas, o desenvolvimento da dendroecologia pode contribuir substancialmente ao conhecimento da dinâmica do clima e da vegetação em ecossistemas tropicais e subtropicais. Nesta tese eu reviso e desenvolvo estudos dendroecológicos em biomas brasileiros, principalmente, em ecossistemas subtropicais montanos, visando solidificar a dendroecologia no país. Segundo ampla revisão bibliográfica, estudos relacionados à dendroecologia nos biomas brasileiros, em sua maioria, versam sobre a anatomia e periodicidade de formação de anéis de crescimento na flora; poucos efetivamente relacionam séries anuais de anéis de crescimento com variações do ambiente. As pesquisas estão concentradas em biomas florestais, notadamente na Amazônia. No intuito de facilitar estudos futuros, apresento uma compilação de 124 espécies que formam anéis anuais. Pesquisas inéditas sobre anéis de crescimento em Araucaria angustifolia, espécie típica de formações florestais e campestres em regiões montanas do sul e sudeste do Brasil, comprovam seu potencial dendroecológico. Através de análise da atividade cambial demonstro que esta espécie forma anéis de crescimento anuais, relacionados à variação sazonal de temperatura e fotoperíodo. Estudando séries temporais de largura de anéis de crescimento verifiquei a existência de padrões regionais de crescimento, relacionados à variação interanual do clima, principalmente da temperatura. Regionalmente, A. angustifolia parece sensível a déficit hídrico em Dezembro e Janeiro, bem como responde de forma complexa às condições térmicas em Maio e Junho. Padrões de crescimento divergente entre árvores de campo e de floresta podem estar relacionados ao regime de queimada da vegetação campestre, por sua vez, moderado pela precipitação no mês de ignição de queimadas (Agosto).Certain tree species present annual cycles of growth and dormancy, imprinted in wood as conspicuous anatomical structures – the growth rings. Temporal analysis of annual growth rings (dendrochronology) allows the determination of tree age and growth rate, with calendar year resolution, and to study long-term relationship between tree-growth and environmental conditions (dendroecology). Recent studies have found annual growth rings in many tropical and subtropical species. As in temperate and arid zones, dendroecological investigations may contribute for understanding the dynamics of climate and vegetation in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. Here, I review and develop dendroecological studies in biomes of Brazil, aiming to support further advances. According to a broad literature review, dendroecological studies in Brazilian Biomes have focused mostly on anatomy and periodicity of growth ring formation; few of them relate growth ring time-series to environmental conditions. The studies are concentrated in forested biomes, noticebly in Amazonia. In order to assist future studies I present a compilation of 124 species that produce annual growth rings. Novel studies on Araucaria angustifolia, a typical conifer growing in forest and grassland ecosystems of south and southeast Brazilian highlands, confirm its dendroecological potential. By means of cambium activity examination I show that this species produces annual growth rings, related to seasonal variations of temperature and photoperiod. Analyses of ring-width time series revealed regional growth patterns related to inter-annual climate variations. In a regional extent, A. angustifolia trees are, probably, sensitive the water deficit in December and January, as well respond to thermal conditions of May and June, in a complex manner. Divergent patterns between grassland and forest trees may be related to grassland fire regimes, moderated by rainfall during the fire ignition period (August)