Politique économique et transmission des chocs dans la zone euro

Cet article propose une analyse descriptive des données macroéconomiques dans la zone euro et une étude de la transmission des politiques monétaire et budgétaire à travers une analyse SVAR. Les résultats suggèrent que, depuis la création de la zone euro, la politique monétaire a joué un rôle important aussi bien pour la stabilisation de l’inflation et de l’activité réelle, en ayant un comportement contracyclique soutenu. Au niveau agrégé, la politique budgétaire semble aussi avoir favorisé la stabilisation de l’activité réelle par des actions contracycliques (surtout après 2003). Cependant, des divergences importantes apparaissent au niveau national, mettant en cause l’efficacité de la gestion budgétaire dans l’Union économique et monétaire (UEM). L’étude de la transmission des différents chocs à l’intérieur de la zone confirme l’idée d’une certaine complémentarité entre politique monétaire commune et politiques budgétaires nationales. Elle met aussi en exergue l’hétérogénéité de la transmission des chocs au niveau national, preuve de la présence d’asymétries structurelles qui persistent dans cette région.This paper provides a descriptive analysis of macroeconomic data in the euro area and uses a SVAR approach to study the transmission of the fiscal and monetary policy in this region. The results suggest that the monetary policy has played an important role since 2000, both for the inflation and output stabilization, having a sustained counter-cyclical behavior in the euro area. If, at aggregate level, the fiscal policy also appears to have supported the output stabilization (especially after 2003), significant differences appear at the national level, casting doubt on the effectiveness of budgetary policy design in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The study on the transmission of shocks within the area confirms, in a certain extent, the complementary actions of the monetary policy and of the national fiscal policies. It also underlines the heterogeneity of the transmission of shocks at the national level, which is a proof of still persistent structural asymmetries in this area

Effet de la variété et du type de terreau sur la croissance et le développement des plants de Mangifera indica L, Casamance

Pour contribuer à l’amélioration de la production de mangue en Casamance cette étude s’est fixé comme objectif d’évaluer l’effet de la variété et du type de terreau sur la croissance et le développement des plants de Mangifera indica L. Un dispositif en split plot à deux facteurs dont le facteur substrat décliné en 3 modalités (terreau de Cailcédrat, terreau manguier et terreau d’anacardier) et puis le facteur variété constitué de cinq modalités (Pince, Kouloubadasèky, Siéra Léone, Diourou et Papaye). La variété Siéra Léone a donné les meilleurs résultats en termes de production foliaire (19,99 feuilles/plant), hauteur (29,76±6,58 cm) et diamètre au collet des plants (6,97 mm). Concernant l’effet du type de terreaux, le diamètre au collet des plants le plus gros (6,49±1,17 mm) a été enregistré avec le terreau de manguier, et la production foliaire des plants la plus élevée (10,54 feuilles/plant) a été notée avec les terreaux de manguier et de caïlcédrat. La hauteur des plants n’a pas varié significativement (P=0,6) en fonction du type de terreau. La biomasse racinaire moyenne a varié significativement (P= 0,0001) selon le traitement. Elle est plus importante avec le traitement variété Siéra Léone sur terreau de caïlcédrat avec 6,85±2,28g/plant. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée pour la biomasse foliaire (P= 0,086) et caulinaire (P=0,33) entre les traitements. Ces résultats permettront de constituer une base de données utile pour la reconstitution des vergers de manguiers en Casamance

Comparative study of the physicochemical quality of water of wells and drilling consumed in the commune of Sinthiou Maléme in the area of Tambacounda (Senegal)

In Senegal, the majority of the regions are not served by the drinking water supply networks. The phenomenon is more pronounced in rural areas, particularly in Sinthiou Maléme commune. For example, communities living in these areas often use well water and borehole. This work has been undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical quality of the water resources consumed by these populations. A total of 24 water samples were taken from the single borehole and 02 publics wells, let be 8 samples per source of water. To assess the quality of these different sources, the physical parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids and hardness) and chemical parameters (F-, SO42-, PO43-, Fe and NO2-) were analyzed by the photometric method. The results obtained show that, from the physical point of view, drilling water is highly mineralized, slightly hard and has a basic tendency, unlike wells. Chemical analysis shows that well waters are heavily loaded with phosphate ions and nitrites. Based on the parameters analyzed, the quality of the drilling water is chemically acceptable. Studies on the elements of metallic traces will be envisaged to better assess the quality of this drinking water. Au Sénégal, la majeure partie des régions n’est pas desservie par les réseaux d'adduction d’eau potable. Le phénomène est plus accentué en milieu rural notamment dans la commune de Sinthiou Maléme. Ainsi, les communautés qui vivent dans ces zones ont souvent recours à l'eau des puits et des forages. Ce présent travail a été entrepris en vue d’évaluer la qualité physico-chimique des ressources en eaux consommées par ces populations. Au total 24 échantillons d’eaux ont été prélevés de l’unique forage et de 02 puits publics, soit 8 prélèvements par sources d’eaux. Pour apprécier la qualité de ces différentes sources, les paramètres physiques (conductivité électrique, pH, totale des solides dissous et dureté) et chimiques (F-, SO42-, PO43-, Fe and NO2-) ont été analysés par la méthode photométrique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, du point de vue physique, les eaux de forage sont fortement minéralisées, légèrement dures et présentent une tendance basique contrairement à celles des puits. L’analyse chimique montre que les eaux de puits sont fortement chargées en ions phosphates et nitrites. Sur la base des paramètres analysés, la qualité des eaux de forage est chimiquement acceptable. Des études sur les éléments des traces métalliques seront envisagées pour mieux apprécier la qualité de ces eaux de consommation

Preliminary surveys after release of the fruit fly parasitoid Fopius arisanus Sonan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) in mango production systems in Casamance (Senegal)

Introduction. Since its arrival in Senegal in 2004, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera Tephritidae) synonymized with Bactrocera dorsalis has caused much economic damage in mango crops. Effective and efficient control activities against B. invadens were necessary in order to continue mango production, and biological control measures were envisaged. In such conditions, the government of Senegal allowed the Asian parasitoid Fopius arisanus to be released in some orchards around Ziguinchor. Materials and methods. The dynamics of fruit fly species was studied with lure traps (methyl eugenol and terpinyl acetate with Dichlorvos). Mango fruit were sampled from the control orchard and orchards with released F. arisanus, to compare the differences in tephritid infestation. Results and discussion. The levels of B. invadens populations were 1.6−2.5 times higher in the control than in orchards where F. arisanus was released. The fruit were also 5–6 times more infested in the control orchard than in those that received F. arisanus. Between May and July 2012 the majority of the pupae (92%) collected from fruit samples developed into adult flies, while only 39% of the pupae transformed to adults between October and December after effective action of the parasitoids. In both orchard treatments, the level of native fruit fly populations was about the same. Wild fruit were infested mostly by Ceratitis cosyra, from which were reared native parasitoids such as Fopius caudatus, F. silvestrii, F. desideratus, Diachasmimorpha fullawayi, D. carinata, Psyttalia cosyrae, and P. concolor. In contrast with Mangifera indica, Citrus spp., Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guayava, Saba senegalensis, and Landolphia heudelotii were mainly infested by B. invadens which showed parasitism by F. arisanus. Pteromalidae and Eulophidae were also found from the pest fly pupae. Killer flies (Diptera: Muscidae) such as Coenosia attenuata Stein, C. atra Meigen and C. tigrina Fabricius emerged from the fruit samples. Conclusion. Sanitation against fruit flies in Casamance should take into account the conservation of natural enemies such as parasitoids and predators for an effective biological control of tephritids. (Résumé d'auteur

Contamination Métallique D’une Espèce De Poisson (Brama Brama) De La Côte Dakaroise

Pollution of metal origin constitutes one of the major risks in the world today. The metal elements can be very dangerous to human health when they are present in the environment at high concentrations. Thus, the evaluation of the metal contamination in marine organisms, especially fish, makes it possible to predict a possible contamination of humans. This paper focuses on studying the metal contamination of the beach of Soumbédioune, located at the western frontage of the area of Dakar. This site, where fish products are offloaded, is the home to Canal IV (West Canal), which drains urban wastewater. In this study, we evaluated the concentrations of the metal elements (Fe, Zn 2+ , Cr 6+) in the bodies of Brama brama using a visible spectrophotometry UV. The results obtained show a strong concentration of chromium plates of 24,5 µg/g which is obtained at the level of the liver. Zinc presents a content of 16,7 µg/g at the level of the skin, but it was not detected at the level of the liver and the flesh. The maximum iron content was recorded at the level of the liver with a value of 77,5 µg/g. However, the values obtained were definitely higher than the standards established by FAO and the CEE

Etude De La Diversite Des Termites (Isoptera) Dans Quelques Localites De La Region De Kolda (Haute Casamance, Senegal)

Termites (Isoptera) are invertebrates that play many ecological functions in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in tropical areas. Their impacts on the quality and the fertility of the soil are well known. However, in Senegal termite fauna is still poorly known. Thus, to contribute to the knowledge of termites of Senegal we have conducted a study on their diversity in the region of Kolda (Casamance). Termites were sampled in transects of 100 m long and 20 m wide. Termite workers, soldiers and some time reproductives are collected in vials filled with ethanol 70°. Thirty (30) termite species have been identified. Five of them are new records for Senegal. The four trophic groups xylophagous, fungus-growing termites, harvester or foraging termites and soil-feeding were represented. The fungusgrowing termites are more diversified. According to the types of nests, termites encountered are divided into 3 groups. The more diversified are those that build ground-nest without fungus

Ultrastructure des spermatozoïdes mûrs de trois Bucephalidae (Prosorhynchus longisaccatus, Rhipidocotyle khalili et Bucephalus margaritae) et implications phylogénétiques.

International audienceWe describe here the mature spermatozoa of three species of bucephalids, namely Bucephalus margar-itae, Rhipidocotyle khalili and Prosorhynchus longisaccatus. This study provides the first ultrastructural data on the genera Bucephalus and Rhipidocotyle and enabled us to confirm the model of the mature spermatozoon in the Bucephalinae. The spermatozoon exhibits two axonemes with the 9 + ''1'' pattern of the Trepaxonemata, one of which is very short, lateral expansion, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane located in the anterior extremity of the spermatozoon and associated with cortical microtubules, spine-like bodies, a mitochondrion, and a nucleus. The maximum number of cortical microtubules is located in the anterior part of the spermatozoon. However, more studies are needed to elucidate if spine-like bodies are present in all the Bucephalinae or not. In the Prosorhynchinae, the mature spermatozoon exhibits a similar ultrastructural pattern. Some differences are observed, particularly the ax-oneme lengths and the arrangement of the spine-like bodies. The posterior extremity of the spermatozoon in the Bucephalinae exhibits only the nucleus, but prosorhynchines have microtubules.Dans cette étude, nous décrivons les spermatozoïdes mûrs de trois espèces de bucephalidés, à savoir Bucephalus margaritae, Rhipidocotyle khalili et Prosorhynchus longisaccatus. Ces premières données ultrastructurales pour les genres Bucephalus et Rhipidocotyle nous ont permis de confirmer le modèle du spermatozoïde chez les Bucephalinae. Le spermatozoïde comprend deux axonèmes de type 9 + ‘‘1’’ des Trepaxonemata, l’un d’entre eux étant très court, une expansion latérale, une ornementation externe de la membrane plasmique située au niveau de l’extrémité antérieure du spermatozoïde et associée avec des microtubules corticaux, des corps en forme d’épines, une mitochondrie et un noyau. Le nombremaximum de microtubules corticaux est situé dans la partie antérieure du spermatozoïde. Toutefois, des études supplémentaires seraient nécessaires pour vérifier si les corps en forme d’épines sont présents chez tous les Bucephalinae. Chez les Prosorhynchinae, le spermatozoïde mûr présente une structure similaire. Quelques différences sont toutefois observées, notamment au niveau de la longueur des axonèmes et de la disposition des corps en forme d’épines. L’extrémité postérieure du spermatozoïde chez les Bucephalidae est caractérisée par la présence du noyau seul, alors que les Prosorhynchinae ont des microtubules

Sperm characters of the digenean Nephrotrema truncatum (Troglotrematidae): a kidney parasite of Crocidura russula (Soricidae) and their phylogenetic significance

Spermatological characteristics of the troglotrematid digenean Nephrotrema truncatum, a parasite of the shrew Crocidura russula, have been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural study reveals that the mature spermatozoon of N. truncatum exhibits many ultrastructural characters previously described in most gorgoderoideans. These are two axonemes of the 9+'1' trepaxonematan pattern, four attachment zones, a lateral expansion, an external ornamentation of the plasma membrane associated with spine-like bodies and cortical microtubules, and in the posterior part of the anterior spermatozoon region, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules with the maximum number located in the anterior part of the spermatozoon, a nucleus, two mitochondria, and granules of glycogen. The obtained results are compared with those of other digeneans, particularly the Gorgoderoidea. The sperm cells gorgoderoideans are of type IV, characterised by a 9+'1' pattern of axonemes, the presence of an external ornamentation associated with cortical microtubules and located in the posterior area of the anterior extremity, the presence of two bundles of cortical microtubules, the maximum number of cortical microtubules located in the anterior region of the spermatozoon, and the presence of generally two mitochondria. However, dicrocoeliids and troglotrematids have spermatozoa with ornamentation of the plasma membrane and lateral expansions

Vector competence of Aedes vexans (Meigen), Culex poicilipes (Theobald) and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say from Senegal for West and East African lineages of Rift Valley fever virus

Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) is a mosquito–borne, zoonotic pathogen. In Senegal, RVFV was first isolated in 1974 from Aedes dalzieli (Theobald) and thereafter from Ae. fowleri (de Charmoy), Ae. ochraceus Theobald, Ae. vexans (Meigen), Culex poicilipes (Theobald), Mansonia africana (Theobald) and Ma. uniformis (Theobald). However, the vector competence of these local species has never been demonstrated making hypothetical the transmission cycle proposed for West Africa based on serological data and mosquito isolates. Methods Aedes vexans and Cx. poicilipes, two common mosquito species most frequently associated with RVFV in Senegal, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, the most common domestic species, were assessed after oral feeding with three RVFV strains of the West and East/central African lineages. Fully engorged mosquitoes (420 Ae. vexans, 563 Cx. quinquefasciatus and 380 Cx. poicilipes) were maintained at 27 ± 1 °C and 70–80 % relative humidity. The saliva, legs/wings and bodies were tested individually for the RVFV genome using real-time RT-PCR at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days post exposure (dpe) to estimate the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Genotypic characterisation of the 3 strains used were performed to identify factors underlying the different patterns of transmission. Results The infection rates varied between 30.0–85.0 % for Ae. vexans, 3.3–27 % for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 8.3–46.7 % for Cx. poicilipes, and the dissemination rates varied between 10.5–37 % for Ae. vexans, 9.5–28.6 % for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 3.0–40.9 % for Cx. poicilipes. However only the East African lineage was transmitted, with transmission rates varying between 13.3–33.3 % in Ae. vexans, 50 % in Cx. quinquefasciatus and 11.1 % in Cx. poicilipes. Culex mosquitoes were less susceptible to infection than Ae. vexans. Compared to other strains, amino acid variation in the NSs M segment proteins of the East African RVFV lineage human-derived strain SH172805, might explain the differences in transmission potential. Conclusion Our findings revealed that all the species tested were competent for RVFV with a significant more important role of Ae. vexans compared to Culex species and a highest potential of the East African lineage to be transmitted

La Bajenu Gox actrice de mobilisation sociale et de transformation des normes sociales d’inégalités de genre pour une utilisation des services de santé maternelle, infantile et des adolescent-es au Sénégal

La mortalité maternelle et néonatale reste la plus grande disparité en matière de santé entre les pays à faible revenu et ceux à revenu élevé. Pour parvenir à améliorer la santé maternelle et infantile, il est important de prendre en compte les dimensions culturelles et de genre. Nous avons étudié le rôle des Bajenu Gox (BGs) dans la réduction de la mortalité maternelle et infantile par la mobilisation sociale et la transformation sociale au Sénégal. Des données quantitatives et qualitatives sur le genre et la santé ont été collectées à Dakar, Louga, Fatick et Kaolack, aux niveaux individuel, familial, communautaire et institutionnel selon une approche participative et inclusive. Les données ont été collectées auprès des autorités et des professionnels de santé (infirmiers en chef, sages-femmes), des familles et de la communauté (femmes enceintes, femmes allaitantes, enfants et adolescents, beaux-pères et belles-mères, maris, imams, prêtres,). Les résultats ont montré que les BG interviennent à trois niveaux : les bénéficiaires, les gardiens des us et coutumes ou des décisions, et les gardiens des obligations morales ou des décisions. Les BG ont amélioré les indicateurs de santé. De nombreux femmes, enfants et jeunes filles sont maintenant référés aux structures appropriées pour les soins prénataux et postnataux, le planning familial, la vaccination. En conclusion, les BG ont développé des méthodes efficaces de mobilisation sociale pour promouvoir la SMNI. Les BG sont des agents potentiels de transformation des normes sociales et de genre.   Maternal and new-born mortality remains the greatest existing disparity in health between low-income and high-income countries. To achieve improvement in maternal and child health, it is important to consider cultural and gender dimensions. We studied the role of Bajenu Gox women (BGs) in reducing maternal and child mortality through social mobilization and social transformation in Senegal. Quantitative and qualitative data on gender and health were collected in Dakar, Louga, Fatick and Kaolack, at the individual, family, community and institutional levels using semi-structured interviews, focus groups and community dialogues based on a participatory and inclusive approach. Data were collected from authorities and professionals working in the health sector (head nurses, midwives, Health Committee (CS), and family and community members who are directly concerned or have authority on the patient (pregnant women, breastfeeding women, children and adolescents, mothers and father’s in-law, husbands, imams, priests). Results of our research showed that BGs intervene at three levels - beneficiaries, custodians of habits and customs or decisions, and custodians of moral obligations or decisions. The BGs contribute in the improvement of the main health outcomes, in particular: antenatal care, postnatal care for mothers and their children. Plus, many women and girls are now being referred to the appropriate structures for ante-and post-natal visits, family planning, etc. In conclusion, BGs have developed efficient methods of social mobilization to promote MCH, and BGs’are potential social and gender norms’ transforming agent