Crystal-liquid-vapor equilibrium experiments at high temperature (less than or equal to 1800 C) and low, controlled oxygen and hydrogen pressure (10(-1) to 10(-9) PA)

Evidence from carbonaceous chrondrites points to refractory oxides in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-Fe-O as being among the earliest phases to condense from the solar nebula. It is necessary to establish the equilibrium relationships between the relevant crystalline and amorphous phases before the chemical constraints can be meaningfully applied to models of solar system history. Preliminary experiments on earth show that such experiments are feasible. Earth-based experiments suffer from several unavoidable problems. These problems can be overcome by experimentation in the Space Station where the experiments can be conducted under near static pressure conditions and where total pressure equals the sum of controlled hydrogen and oxygen pressures and can be controlled for periods exceeding several hours

DCV - Premises and Design

ForskningsrapportDenne veilederen skal hjelpe rådgivere og entreprenører med å beskrive, prosjektere og utføre energioptimal behovsstyrt ventilasjo

The influence on export performance of performance ambiguity among foreign sales agents

Purpose – This study examines the extent to which exporter difficulties in evaluating foreign sales agent performance affect export performance, either directly or as mediated by opportunism. Methodology – In developing the hypotheses, the study integrates transaction cost theory and principal-agent theory. The proposed relationships between the constructs (performance ambiguity, opportunism, and export performance) are examined for a multi-industry sample of Norwegian exporters in their dealings with foreign sales agents. A survey of 410 qualified key informants yielded 101 usable questionnaires—a response rate of 24.6%. Structural equation modelling is used for data analysis and hypothesis testing. Findings – The analysis finds support for the hypothesis that sales agent performance ambiguity relates negatively to export performance. While performance ambiguity is positively related to sales agent opportunistic behavior, opportunism does not significantly influence export performance. It seems that the adaptation costs created by the evaluation problem are of greater importance in reducing export performance than the costs created by opportunistic behavior. Research limitations and implications – In focusing on the core dimensions of sales agent performance in foreign markets, other factors influencing export performance are not included. The fact that small Norwegian firms dominate the sample, further limits application and generalization of the findings. Nevertheless, the study provides export managers and scholars with a more thorough understanding of basic potentially deteriorating dimensions in the relationship between exporter and foreign independent sales agent. Originality/value – To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine how performance ambiguity and opportunistic behavior among foreign sales agents impact on export performance. By concentrating on basic deteriorating dimensions, the study adds to the few that focus on inhibiting drivers of exporter – foreign-sales-agent relationships.acceptedVersio

Effects of water and fluorine on the viscosity of albite melt at high pressure: a preliminary investigation

The viscosities of fluorine- and water-bearing melts based on albite composition have been determined at 7.5, 15 and 22.5 kbar by the falling-sphere method. All melt viscosities decrease isothermally with increasing pressure. At 1200°C the viscosity of the fluorine-bearing melt (albite + 5.8 wt.% fluorine substituted for oxygen, denoted AbF2O−1) decreases from5000 ± 750P at7.5kbar to1600 ± 240P at22.5kbar. At 1400°C the viscosity of this melt decreases from1300 ± 200P at7.5kbar to430 ± 65P at22.5kbar. At 1400°C the viscosity of albite + 2.79 wt.% water (denoted AbH2O) decreases from650 ± 100P at7.5kbar to400 ± 60P at22.5kbar. Fluorine (as F2O−1) and water strongly decrease the viscosity of albite melt over the entire range of investigated pressures. The ratio of the effects of 5.8 wt.% fluorine [F/(F + O)molar = 0.10] and 2.79 wt.% water [OH/(OH + O)molar = 0.10] on the log of melt viscosity [Δ log η(AbF2O−1)/Δ log η(AbH2O)] equals0.90 ± 0.05, 0.84 ± 0.05and0.97 ± 0.05at7.5, 15and22.5kbar, respectively. Comparison with available data on the high-pressure viscosity of albite melt indicates that both F2O−1 and H2O maintain their viscosity-reducing roles to lower crustal pressures. The difference between the viscosities of melts of albite, AbF2O−1 and AbH2O, may be explained in terms of the relatively depolymerized structures of AbF2O−1 and AbH2O melts. The depolymerization of albite melt by the addition of water results from the formation of SiOH bonds. The depolymerization of albite melt by F2O−1 substitution results from the formation of non-bridging oxygens associated with network-modifying aluminum cations that are formed upon fluorine solution. The strong viscosity-reducing effects of water and fluorine in albite melt at pressures corresponding to the mid- to lower continental crust indicate that these two components will strongly influence the dynamic behavior of anatectic melts during initial magma coalescence and restite-melt segregation

Behovsstyrt ventilasjon (DCV) - krav og overlevering. Veileder for et energioptimalt og velfungerende anlegg

ForskningsrapportThe purpose of this guidebook is to help building owners to acquire well-functioning demand-controlled ventilation by applyingthe guidebook’s recommendations, as well as proper commissioning. Contractorsand property managers can use the guidebook to improve the quality of newsystems, while facility managers can use it for troubleshooting and maintenanceof existing ventilation systems. The guidebook results from the Norwegian research and development project «reDuCeVentilation» – Reduced energy use in Educational buildings with robust Demand-Controlled Ventilation. The presented solutionsare also suitable for office buildings

Improved modelling of liquid GeSe2_2: the impact of the exchange-correlation functional

The structural properties of liquid GeSe$_2$ are studied by using first-principles molecular dynamics in conjuncton with the Becke, Lee, Yang and Parr (BLYP) generalized gradient approximation for the exchange and correlation energy. The results on partial pair correlation functions, coordination numbers, bond angle distributions and partial structure factors are compared with available experimental data and with previous first-principle molecular dynamics results obtained within the Perdew and Wang (PW) generalized gradient approximation for the exchange and correlation energy. We found that the BLYP approach substantially improves upon the PW one in the case of the short-range properties. In particular, the Ge$-$Ge pair correlation function takes a more structured profile that includes a marked first peak due to homopolar bonds, a first maximum exhibiting a clear shoulder and a deep minimum, all these features being absent in the previous PW results. Overall, the amount of tetrahedral order is significantly increased, in spite of a larger number of Ge$-$Ge homopolar connections. Due to the smaller number of miscoordinations, diffusion coefficients obtained by the present BLYP calculation are smaller by at least one order of magnitude than in the PW case.Comment: 6 figure

Hvordan opplever nyutdannede samfunnsfaglærere overgangen fra utdanning til arbeid? En kvalitativ studie av seks læreres erfaringer

Målet med oppgaven er å undersøke hvordan nyutdannede samfunnsfaglærere opplever overgangen fra studie til arbeid. For å finne ut av dette, har vi gjennomført seks kvalitative semi-strukturerte intervjuer av nyutdannede samfunnsfaglærere. Undersøkelsen ble gjort ansikt-til-ansikt, der intervjuobjektene fikk spørsmål om hvordan de opplevde overgangen på fem forskjellige punkter. De følgende punktene var faglig, pedagogisk, didaktisk, praksis og annet. Målet med de fem forskjellige deltemaene var å finne ut i hvilken grad de følte seg forberedt på forskjellige aspekter innenfor disse. Bakgrunnen for å kategorisere det på denne måten var for å se om vi kunne finne noen sammenhenger i hva intervjuobjektene følte seg forberedt og uforberedt på. Gjennomføringen av analysen ble gjort i form av en trestegs prosess for fenomenologiske analyser, og ved hjelp av denne kom vi fram til flere spennende funn. Kort oppsummert så har denne prosessen ledet til en rangering av de fem deltemaene i overgangsprosessen fra godt til dårlig forberedt. Her kommer det fram at samfunnsfaglærerne føler seg godt forberedt på de faglige og didaktiske sidene ved lærerarbeidet, da det er bred enighet at dette er noe samtlige var klare for. I mellomsjiktet mellom godt og dårlig forberedt ligger det pedagogiske samt praksiserfaring. Disse to skiller seg ut ved at svarene fra informantene varierer, bakgrunnen for denne variasjonen har vi kommet fram til at skyldes ulik arbeidserfaring tilegnet seg på egenhånd før eller under studiet. Dårligst forberedt viser det seg at informantene var på bolken som omhandler annet, der det utenomfaglige i skolen inngår. Her peker samtlige av intervjuobjektene til manglende eller ingen erfaring, og denne delen av overgangen fra studie til arbeid oppleves derfor for mange som et praksissjokk. Et tilleggsfunn som ble belyst i løpet av intervjuprosessen, som ikke var planlagt på forhånd var tema om mentorordningen. Mentorordningen spiller en viktig rolle i å hjelpe de nyutdannede samfunnsfaglærerne med å takle overgangen bedre, da de får veiledning på de områdene de føler seg mindre forberedt på. Til tross for at intervjuobjektene belyser at dette er en svært viktig faktor som nyutdannet, viser det seg at ikke alle blir tilbudt denne ordningen. Det gjenstår mye å forske på i det fagfeltet som oppgaven berører, og det hadde vært særlig interessant å se et videre studie av hvordan overgangen til de lærerne av det nye femårige utdanningsløpet oppleves. Nøkkelord: Nyutdannede lærere, overgang fra studie til arbeid, praksissjokk, utenomfaglig arbeid, erfaring, mentorordning

Coreless Terrestrial Exoplanets

Differentiation in terrestrial planets is expected to include the formation of a metallic iron core. We predict the existence of terrestrial planets that have differentiated but have no metallic core--planets that are effectively a giant silicate mantle. We discuss two paths to forming a coreless terrestrial planet, whereby the oxidation state during planetary accretion and solidification will determine the size or existence of any metallic core. Under this hypothesis, any metallic iron in the bulk accreting material is oxidized by water, binding the iron in the form of iron oxide into the silicate minerals of the planetary mantle. The existence of such silicate planets has consequences for interpreting the compositions and interior density structures of exoplanets based on their mass and radius measurements.Comment: ApJ, in press. 22 pages, 5 figure

Towards a Model of Conscientious Corporate Brands: A Canadian Study

Purpose – This paper attempts to validate a conceptual model for conscientious corporate brands (CCB) by exploring environmental and climate change issues together with perceptions of the internal and external effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics as dimensions of CCBs. Design/methodology/approach – By surveying organizations, the paper attempts to extend and validate previous research in ethical branding by proposing an additional empirically grounded conceptual model of “the conscientious dimension” of corporate brands. Research limitations/implications – The CCB model was tested on a sample of small-, medium- and large-sized companies in Canada, which may indicate less generalizability to larger companies or in other countries and contextual settings. Practical implications – The CCB-framework provides insights into the relationship between the natural environment, climate change and corporate codes of ethics, which organizational managers might relate to their organization. Originality/value – This empirical study extends previous research by studying the willingness among business managers to support aspects of conscientious corporate brands (CCBs) in business-to-business relationships: when considering the impact of their brands on the natural environment and climate change, and when considering their corporate codes of ethics. Such findings imply that ethical conscientiousness is not just a rider to brand value; rather, it is an integral dimension in the manufacturer-supplier relationship