Developing a suitable competition law and policy for developing countries: a case study of Tanzania

Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation aims to examine one major issue: namely, the most appropriate competition law for developing countries from the perspective of ‘looking from the inside out’.1 Reference is made particularly to Tanzania, with a close evaluation of its Fair Competition Act, 2003 and some case law, so as to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of competition policy and law within its Tanzanian context. This involves taking into consideration the inherent characteristics of the Tanzanian economy since it is necessary that Tanzania have a competition law that reflects and addresses its particular needs. So the basis of this dissertation is to analyse the efficacy of the Fair Competition Act to deal with the specific requirements of Tanzanian society; and if the result is found to be in the negative, then the dissertation goes on to suggest what type of competition law model Tanzania should develop that will best suit the country’s needs

Isotopic and hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater and surface water from a mine site in Tanzania

This research article published by IWA publishing, 2021This study used the hydrochemical properties of water to reveal the causes of water quality degradation. The results showed that most samples located downstream of the mine tailings dam were slightly acidic with pH as low as 4.6. Samples with high levels of Na+, Cl−, and could not be isotopically linked to the local geochemistry, but the anthropogenic activities and evaporation were probably responsible for the observed water chemistry. The Piper diagram indicated cations were dominated by Ca and Mg, while anions were dominated by bicarbonates and sulphates. Pb and Hg levels (mean 70.29 and 17.95 μg/L, respectively) were all higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) and Tanzanian drinking water guidelines. Mining activities probably contributed to the observed low pH values and elevated concentration of cyanides, heavy metals, and metalloids. Stable isotope results indicated a vulnerability of the water to recent contamination that could be attributed to anthropogenic activities. Moreover, isotopic studies indicated a flow pattern from the eastern to the western side of the mine study site. Lowland samples were more 3H-enriched than highland ones. The present study concludes that groundwater recharge from recent local precipitation may have an impact on the sources studied

The potential of water resources contamination around a large-scale gold mine

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master’s in Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyThis study used the hydro-chemical properties and isotopic signatures of water to understand the main sources of deterioration of water quality around the North Mara gold mine in Tarime District, Mara Region. The chemical and isotopic signatures of the surface and groundwater were used in understanding the origin, flow pattern, residence times, and vulnerability to pollution. Most samples that were located downstream, western side of the mine tailings dam were slightly acidic with pH as low as 4.6 and enriched with stable isotopes. Most samples with elevated concentrations of Na+ , Cl- , SO4 2- and NO3 - could not be isotopically linked with the local geochemistry, but the observed water chemistry was controlled by evaporation and anthropogenic effects. The Piper trilinear diagram showed Ca and Mg cations dominance, while bicarbonates and sulfates dominated the anions. The heavy metals, Pb and Hg levels (mean 70.29 and 17.95 µg/L, respectively) were all higher than the levels recommended in both the World Health Organization (WHO) and Tanzanian drinking water guidelines. The low pH values and elevated concentrations of cyanides, heavy metals, and metalloids were probably associated with mining activities. The radioactive isotope results indicated the vulnerability of the water to recent contamination that could be attributed to near-surface anthropogenic activities. Moreover, stable isotopic studies indicated the pollutants-carrying water flow pattern was from the eastern to the western side of the study area. Lowland samples had higher tritium activities than the highland ones. Therefore, the present study concludes that groundwater recharge from recent local precipitation may have an impact on the sources studied and the use of shallow dug out wells should be minimized

Factors affecting Implementation of Open Performance Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS) in Tanzania's public service at Temeke Municipal Council

Despite the various ongoing campaigns on mass implementation of OPRAS taking place country wide especially in the public service, still municipalities has low OPRAS implementation coverage. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors limiting implementation of OPRAS inTemeke Municipal Council. The study employed a cross sectional study design. The study involved a sample size of 80 people, where by 75 were employees at low level and few 5 heads of departments.The findings of the study indicate that, lack of top management support, lack of reliable transport, poor communication, poor provisional of knowledge, personal biasness, poor or lack of motivation, un acceptance of the system and lack of training these were the main factors hindering implementation of OPRAS in the municipal council. The finding of the study also shows that promotion to a great extent affect OPRAS system in positive and negative way. Promotion viewed as a punishment for those who perform low and it viewed positively for those who perform high. OPRAS brought some positive changes in service delivery to employees and management. The study recommendations include the followings that must be done; increase the budget for evaluation process, motivate employees in order to win their commitment to work, giving them more training and seminars, employ enough competent workers, creating good working condition, increase workers salaries, provision of immediate bonus and rewards for those who perform well also OPRAS should not much used for promotion purpose, should focus on improving job performance for those who perform low

Earliest Porotic Hyperostosis on a 1.5-Million-year-old Hominin, olduvai gorge, Tanzania.

Meat-eating was an important factor affecting early hominin brain expansion, social organization and geographic movement. Stone tool butchery marks on ungulate fossils in several African archaeological assemblages demonstrate a significant level of carnivory by Pleistocene hominins, but the discovery at Olduvai Gorge of a child's pathological cranial fragments indicates that some hominins probably experienced scarcity of animal foods during various stages of their life histories. The child's parietal fragments, excavated from 1.5-million-year-old sediments, show porotic hyperostosis, a pathology associated with anemia. Nutritional deficiencies, including anemia, are most common at weaning, when children lose passive immunity received through their mothers' milk. Our results suggest, alternatively, that (1) the developmentally disruptive potential of weaning reached far beyond sedentary Holocene food-producing societies and into the early Pleistocene, or that (2) a hominin mother's meat-deficient diet negatively altered the nutritional content of her breast milk to the extent that her nursing child ultimately died from malnourishment. Either way, this discovery highlights that by at least 1.5 million years ago early human physiology was already adapted to a diet that included the regular consumption of meat

PERFORMANCE OF ARTEMIA SHELL-FREE EMBRYOS, Moina micrura AND PHYTOPLANKTON ON LARVAE OF REARED AFRICAN CATFISH

Starter feeds are important in the growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) larvae. A study was conducted to investigate the performance of Artemia shell-free embryos, Moina micrura (Kurz) and phytoplankton as starter feed for larvae rearing of C. gariepinus. The experiment lasted 15 days in a set of nine tanks of 900-litre capacity. The study was divided into two phases of 5 and 10 days. During the end of the 15 days, the larvae fed on M. micrura had a growth rate of 32.95\ub112.62 % day-1, survival of 76.51\ub17.33% and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) of 0.17\ub10.00. The larvae fed on Artemia exhibited a growth rate, survival and SGR of 85.5\ub174.4% day-1, 97.71\ub10.00 % and 0.28\ub10.18, respectively. The larvae fed on phytoplankton exhibited a growth rate, survival and SGR of 36.1\ub1 44.58% day-1, 45.73\ub124.14% and 0.12\ub10.11, respectively. The difference in performance between the feeds was mainly due to differences in their nutrient composition and levels. This study recommends the use of Artemia embryos as the best starter feed for the rearing of C. gariepinus larvae followed by the M. micrura.Les aliments d\u2019entr\ue9e sont importants pour la croissance des larves du poisson-chat Africain Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Une \ue9tude \ue9tait men\ue9e \ue0 la station de recherche de l\u2019Institut de Recherche sur la P\ueache (TAFIRI) de Mwanza en Tanzanie pour \ue9valuer la performance des embryons d\ue9nud\ue9s d\u2019Art\ue9mia, Moina micrura (Kurz) et les phytoplanctons comme aliments d\u2019entr\ue9e pour la croissance des larves de C. gariepinus. L\u2019exp\ue9rience a dur\ue9e 15 jours dans un ensemble de neuf r\ue9servoirs d\u2019une capacit\ue9 de 900 litres. L\u2019\ue9tude \ue9tait subdivis\ue9e en deux phases de 5 et 10 jours. Vers la fin de ces 15 jours, les larves nourris de M. micrura avaient un taux de croissance de 32.95\ub112.62 % par jour, 76.51\ub17.33% de survie et un taux de croissance sp\ue9cifique (SGR) de 0.17\ub10.00. Les larves nourries sur base d\u2019Art\ue9mia ont montr\ue9 un taux de croissance\ua0; un taux de survie et une SGR de 85.5\ub174.4% par jour, 97.71\ub10.00 % et 0.28\ub10.18, respectivement. Les larves nourries de phytoplanctons ont manifest\ue9 un taux de croissance, une survie et un SGR of 36.1\ub1 44.58% par jour, 45.73\ub124.14% et 0.12\ub10.11, respectivement. La diff\ue9rence en termes de performance entre les aliments utilis\ue9s \ue9tait principalement d\ufbe aux diff\ue9rences dans leur composition en mati\ue8re nutritives et concentration min\ue9rales. Cette \ue9tude recommande l\u2019utilisation d\u2019embryons d\u2019art\ue9mia comme meilleur aliment d\u2019entr\ue9e pour la croissance des larves de C. gariepinus, suivie de M. micrura

An evaluation of Health Workers for Change in seven settings: a useful management and health system development tool

This paper presents the findings of a multi-centre study assessing the impact of Health Workers for Change (HWFC) workshops in seven different primary care sites, based on the common core protocol described in this paper. The paper discusses a common methodology used by the studies, consisting of a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods. Such methodologies are inherently complex as they require comparisons across systems, sites and procedures. The studies were conducted in six sites in Africa and one site in Argentina. Generally, the intervention resulted either in positive change or in no change, except in the area of staff relationships where conflicts were more frequent after the intervention than before. This may reflect a willingness to confront problems or contentious issues. Implementing the HWFC workshops improved provider-client relations, facility level functioning and aspects of staff interrelationships, and had some impact at the system level. All studies indicated that overall health system development is essential for improved service provision including quality of care. The findings also indicated that this intervention complemented and could assist health sector reform efforts and can play a role in sensitizing health workers to gender issues. The paper concludes with a discussion of the robustness of the methodology used in the studie

Sugar and blood: the nutritional priorities of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti

Background: Sugar-feeding behaviour is essential for mosquito survival and reproduction, and has been exploited to develop new control strategies, such as the attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSB). This study examined the sugar-feeding habits of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in semi-field conditions to determine the optimal timing (age) of sugar meals and whether the availability of sugar sources could affect blood-feeding by these mosquitoes. Methods: A series of paired-choice assays were conducted in which mosquitoes were allowed to choose between a sugar meal or a blood meal directly from a rabbit. Female 1-day-old mosquitoes were given meal choices in cages I–V and observed for feeding choice in only one cage every day for 5 days starting with cages I to V. The preference of Ae. aegypti to feed on sugar or blood and the effect of sugar source availability on blood-feeding was assessed at different chronological and physiological ages. Results: In the first 5 days post-emergence, there was no significant difference in mosquito preference for sugar or blood meals. However, after the first gonotrophic cycle, they had a greater preference for blood over sugar (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 9.4 [6.7–13.0]; P < 0.001). Nulliparous Ae. aegypti females (≤ 5-day-old mosquitoes) were less likely to blood-feed if both sugar and blood sources were concurrently available (OR = 0.06 [0.02–0.16]; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Newly emerged females of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were equally likely to choose a sugar meal or a blood meal. However, after the first gonotrophic cycle, they had a greater preference for blood over sugar. Additionally, nulliparous female mosquitoes were less likely to blood-feed when both sugar and blood sources were available. These findings provide insights into the sugar-feeding behaviour of Ae. aegypti and can inform the development and optimization of new control strategies such as using ATSB

Evaluation of an ivermectin-based attractive targeted sugar bait (ATSB) against Aedes aegypti in Tanzania

Background The control of vector borne arboviral diseases such as Dengue is mainly achieved by reducing human-vector contact and controlling the vectors through source reduction and environmental management. These measures are constrained by labour intensity, insecticide resistance and pro-active community participation. The current study intended to develop and test an ivermectin-based attractive-targeted sugar bait (ATSB) against Aedes aegypti. Methods The 48hour lethal concentration (LC90) of ivermectin against Ae. aegypti was determined through serial dilution experiment where five 30cm x 30cm x 30cm cages were set; into each, a 10% sugar solution treated with ivermectin were introduced. 40 Ae. aegypti were released into each cage and observed for mortality after 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours. The ivermectin-based ATSB was evaluated in a semi field system where ATSB and attractive sugar bait (ASB) were deployed into each compartment of the semi field and 100 female Ae. aegypti were released every day and recaptured the next day through human land catch and Bio-gent sentinel trap. The developed and semi-field tested ATSB was further tested in the field by deploying them in garages. Results The ivermectin 48hr LC90 of male and female Ae. aegypti was found to be 0.03% w/v. In the semi field system, the ATSB significantly reduced a free-flying population of Ae. aegypti within 24 hours (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.62; [95% confidence interval (95%CI); 0.54-0.70] and p-value < 0.001). However, in the field, the ATSBs required the addition of yeast as a carbon dioxide source to efficiently attract Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to feed. Conclusion Ivermectin is an active ingredient that can be used in an ATSB for Ae. aegypti depopulation. However, further research is needed to improve the developed and tested ATSB to compete with natural sources of sugar in a natural environment