Empirische Analyse der Sensitivität und Gravität der Eingangsparameter im Residualwertverfahren (Residual Method) gem. ÖNORM B 1802-3 bei der Immobilienbewertung

In a few cases, a property valuation can only be performed by using the Residual Method due to the lack of other methods reflecting the market situation. In Austria this valuation method is standardized in ÖNORM B 1802-3. Research of international valuation literature shows that there is far-reaching agreement that the Residual Method is considered a highly sensitive method of valuation. From this, the general subsidiarity of the Residual Method compared to the classical methods of Comparison Approach, the Cost Approach or the Income Approach is derived. However, there is no scientifically comprehensive investigation of the question which variation of input parameters has a particularly strong influence on the residual. Also, a scientifically founded discussion of the varying sensitivity of the valuation result depending on the size ratio of the individual variables to the residual is missing until now. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a comprehensible and universal answer to both topics. The instrument chosen for risk analysis is a simple sensitivity analysis. Based on this, on the one hand the effects of variations of individual input parameters on the residual are investigated quantitatively by means of case studies of a valuation example. On the other hand, the hypothesis of the sensitivity of a residual value is abstracted depending on its size ratio to each of the variables and investigated by a series of mathematical calculations. Through abstraction the general validity of this scientific work for all residual value methods is demonstrated and comprehensibly presented. The results of this quantitative research are subsequently tested by several random samples to fulfill the quality requirements of scientific work, in particular with regard to its validity and reliability. The two answers to the questions investigated on the one hand enable the recipient of a real estate valuation to critically question the results of residual valuations and, on the other hand, indicate to the appraiser when the input data have to be exactly derived from the market to represent a valid valuation result. Supplementing the literature search in the relevant national and international specialized media and the quantitative empirical research of this thesis, questionnaires were sent to the member organizations of TEGoVA. The Europe-wide survey of real estate experts has clearly shown that appraisers have a diverging understanding of the sensitivity, subsidiarity and applicability of the Residual Method. This thesis therefore forms the basis for further research and shows the urgency of an international harmonization of the Residual Value Method in real estate valuation

A parametric study on the axial behaviour of elastomeric isolators in multi-span bridges subjected to horizontal seismic excitations

This paper investigates the potential tensile loads and buckling effects on rubber-steel laminated bearings on bridges. These isolation bearings are typically used to support the deck on the piers and the abutments and reduce the effects of seismic loads and thermal effects on bridges. When positive means of fixing of the bearings to the deck and substructures are provided using bolts, the isolators are exposed to the possibility of tensile loads that may not meet the code limits. The uplift potential is increased when the bearings are placed eccentrically with respect to the pier axis such as in multi-span simply supported bridge decks. This particular isolator configuration may also result in excessive compressive loads, leading to bearing buckling or in the attainment of other unfavourable limit states for the bearings. In this paper, an extended computer-aided study is conducted on typical isolated bridge systems with multi-span simply-supported deck spans, showing that elastomeric bearings might undergo tensile stresses or exhibit buckling effects under certain design situations. It is shown that these unfavourable conditions can be avoided with the rational design of the bearing properties and in particular of the shape factor, which is the geometrical parameter controlling the axial bearing stiffness and capacity for a given shear stiffness. Alternatively, the unfavourable conditions could be reduced by reducing the flexural stiffness of the continuity slab

Dynamic behaviour and seismic response of structures isolated with low shape factor bearings

This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of laminated elastomeric bearings with a low shape factor (LSF) and the dynamic response of structures mounted on them. Axial loads have a significant influence on the mechanical behaviour of the LSF bearings. Most of the existing theories and mechanical models for laminated bearings cannot be employed for LSF bearings because they disregard the important effects of axial shortening and bulging of the rubber layers on the horizontal bearing stiffness. In this study, a simplified model originally developed for slender rubber blocks is employed for describing the mechanical behaviour of LSF bearings, and validated against the experimental results on low-damping LSF bearings manufactured and tested at Tun Abdul Razak Research Center (TARRC). The proposed model is then used to simulate the seismic response of a structural prototype mounted on the low-damping LSF bearings and tested at University of Naples Federico II on a shaking table under horizontal seismic input. Further analyses are carried out to evaluate how the bearing shape factor affects the dynamic and seismic response of the prototype. The study provides some useful insight into the complex mechanical behaviour of LSF bearings and of structures mounted on them

Mechanical behaviour of rubber blocks

This study investigates the behaviour of rubber blocks bonded between two plates under combined compression and shear loading, using experimental and numerical analyses, and also approximate analytical theories. First, experimental data from a series of compression and shear tests of rubber blocks with different aspect ratios are presented. Next, numerical simulations are carried out with three-dimensional finite element (FE) models, allowing insight to be gained into the stress and strain fields within the blocks. Existing analytical theories for blocks under compression and combined compressive and shear loading are then reviewed, and their accuracy is evaluated against test and numerical results. The study shows that those theories accounting for the effect of the axial shortening of the blocks provide a better description of the combined compression and shear behaviour, compared to theories, developed for laminated structural bearings with many thin rubber layers, that ignore this effect. An improved theory is also proposed, which better describes the effects of the bulging of the compressed blocks on their shear and flexural parameters and provides a better fit to experimental and numerical results

Mechanical behaviour of rubber bearings with low shape factor

This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of elastomeric bearings with a low shape factor (LSF). Such bearings can offer an effective solution for three-dimensional seismic isolation of structures, that is, isolation in vertical as well as horizontal directions. They could also be employed for developing low-cost isolation systems for developing countries due to their reduced weight and manufacturing cost. The first part of the study describes tests carried out at Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC) on low-damping rubber double-shear test pieces and LSF bearings. The material tests are used to inform the development of a finite element (FE) model of the bearings, which is validated against the bearing test results. It is shown that the proposed FE model can be used to describe accurately the global non-linear horizontal force-displacement behaviour of the compressed bearings, while providing an insight into the local distribution of stresses and strains. It can also be used to investigate the bearing response under boundary conditions that differ from the one considered in the tests. The second part of the study illustrates the numerical simulations of shaking table tests carried out at the University of Naples Federico II on a structural prototype mounted on the low-damping LSF bearings. Useful insights are provided into the effect of the vertical bearing flexibility on the response and the attainment of critical conditions of zero tangent horizontal stiffness under horizontal displacements

Venezuela e ALBA: regionalismo contra-hegemônico e ensino superior para todos

Partindo de um quadro teórico neo-gramsciano crítico à globalização, este artigo aplica a nova teoria do regionalismo (NTR) e a teoria do regionalismo regulatório (TRR) à sua análise e teorização dos tratados de comércio da Aliança Bolivariana para os Povos da Nossa América (ALBA-TCP) como regionalismo contra-hegemônico na América Latina e Caribe (ALC). A ALBA está centrada na ideia de um Socialismo do Século XXI, que, como (inicialmente) também a Revolução Bolivariana da Venezuela, substitui a 'vantagem competitiva' pela 'vantagem cooperativa'. Em seu caráter de conjunto de processos multidimensionais e transnacionais a ALBA-TCP opera dentro de/transversalmente a um número de setores e escalas, ao mesmo passo que as transformações estruturais são movidas pela interação de agentes do Estado e agentes não estatais. A política de Educação Superior para Todos (ESPT) do governo venezuelano rejeita a agenda neoliberal globalizada de mercadorização, privatização e elitismo e reinvindica educação pública gratuita em todos os níveis como um direito humano fundamental. A ESPT está sendo regionalizado em um espaço educacional emergente da ALBA e assume um papel-chave nos processos de democracia direta e participatória, dos quais a construção popular (bottom-up) da contra-hegemonia e a redefinição política e econômica da ALC dependem. Antes de produzir sujeitos empreendedores conformes ao capitalismo global, a ESPT procura formar subjetividades ao longo de valores morais de solidariedade e cooperação. Isso será ilustrado com referência a um estudo etnográfico de caso da Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela (UBV).This paper employs new regionalism theory and regulatory regionalism theory in its analysis and theorisation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as a counter-hegemonic Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regionalism. As (initially) the regionalisation of Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution, ALBA is centred around the idea of a 21st Century Socialism that replaces the 'competitive advantage' with the 'cooperative advantage'. ALBA, as a set of multi-dimensional inter- and transnational processes, operates within and across a range of sectors and scales whilst the structural transformations are driven by the interplay of state and non-state actors. The Venezuelan government's Higher Education For All (HEFA) policy, which is being regionalised within an emergent ALBA education space, assumes a key role in the direct democratic and participatory democratic processes upon which a bottom-up construction of counter-hegemony depends. HEFA challenges the globalised neoliberal higher education agenda of commoditisation, privatisation and elitism. Rather than producing enterprising subjects fashioned for global capitalism, HEFA seeks to form subjectivities along the moral values of solidarity and cooperation

Young women's use of a microbicide surrogate: The complex influence of relationship characteristics and perceived male partners' evaluations

This is the post-print version of the article. The official published version can be found at the link below.Currently in clinical trials, vaginal microbicides are proposed as a female-initiated method of sexually transmitted infection prevention. Much of microbicide acceptability research has been conducted outside of the United States and frequently without consideration of the social interaction between sex partners, ignoring the complex gender and power structures often inherent in young women’s (heterosexual) relationships. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to build on existing microbicide research by exploring the role of male partners and relationship characteristics on young women’s use of a microbicide surrogate, an inert vaginal moisturizer (VM), in a large city in the United States. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 young women (18–23 years old; 85% African American; 47.5% mothers) following use of the VM during coital events for a 4 week period. Overall, the results indicated that relationship dynamics and perceptions of male partners influenced VM evaluation. These two factors suggest that relationship context will need to be considered in the promotion of vaginal microbicides. The findings offer insights into how future acceptability and use of microbicides will be influenced by gendered power dynamics. The results also underscore the importance of incorporating men into microbicide promotion efforts while encouraging a dialogue that focuses attention on power inequities that can exist in heterosexual relationships. Detailed understanding of these issues is essential for successful microbicide acceptability, social marketing, education, and use.This study was funded by a grant from National Institutes of Health (NIHU19AI 31494) as well as research awards to the first author: Friends of the Kinsey Institute Research Grant Award, Indiana University’s School of HPER Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid of Research Award, William L. Yarber Sexual Health Fellowship, and the Indiana University Graduate and Professional Student Organization Research Grant

Collective leadership dynamics among professional peers: Co-constructing an unstable equilibrium

Professional service firms (PSFs) are characterised by contingent and contested power relations among an extended group of professional peers. Studies of such firms can therefore yield important insights for the literatures on collective leadership and leader–follower relations. Yet to date PSF scholars have neglected the topic of leadership,and leadership scholars have neglected the context of PSFs.Based on 102 interviewsacross the consulting, accounting, and legal sectors, we identify three relational processesthrough which professional peers co-construct collective leadership:legitimising, negotiating, and manoeuvring. We demonstrate how the relational processes taken together constitute an unstable equilibrium, both in the moment and over time, emphasising how leadership in PSFs is inherently contested and fragile. Our model contributes to theories of collective leadership and leader–follower relations by foregrounding the power and politics thatunderlie collective leadership. We highlight the significance of the individual leader within the collective. We challengeassumptionsconcerning the binary nature of leadership and followership,by showing how colleagues may grant leadership identities to their peers without necessarily granting them leadership authority, and without claiming follower identities for themselves