Plant RNases T2, but not Dicer-like proteins, are major players of tRNA-derived fragments biogenesis

RNA fragments deriving from tRNAs (tRFs) exist in all branches of life and the repertoire of their biological functions regularly increases. Paradoxically, their biogenesis remains unclear. The human RNase A, Angiogenin, and the yeast RNase T2, Rny1p, generate long tRFs after cleavage in the anticodon region. The production of short tRFs after cleavage in the D or T regions is still enigmatic. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis Dicer-like proteins, DCL1-4, do not play a major role in the production of tRFs. Rather, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis RNases T2, called RNS, are key players of both long and short tRFs biogenesis. Arabidopsis RNS show specific expression profiles. In particular, RNS1 and RNS3 are mainly found in the outer tissues of senescing seeds where they are the main endoribonucleases responsible of tRNA cleavage activity for tRFs production. In plants grown under phosphate starvation conditions, the induction of RNS1 is correlated with the accumulation of specific tRFs. Beyond plants, we also provide evidence that short tRFs can be produced by the yeast Rny1p and that, in vitro, human RNase T2 is also able to generate long and short tRFs. Our data suggest an evolutionary conserved feature of these enzymes in eukaryotes

The nuclear and organellar tRNA-derived RNA fragment population in Arabidopsis thaliana is highly dynamic

In the expanding repertoire of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) have been identified in all domains of life. Their existence in plants has been already proven but no detailed analysis has been performed. Here, short tRFs of 19-26 nucleotides were retrieved from Arabidopsis thaliana small RNA libraries obtained from various tissues, plants submitted to abiotic stress or fractions immunoprecipitated with ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1). Large differences in the tRF populations of each extract were observed. Depending on the tRNA, either tRF-5D (due to a cleavage in the D region) or tRF-3T (via a cleavage in the T region) were found and hot spots of tRNA cleavages have been identified. Interestingly, up to 25% of the tRFs originate from plastid tRNAs and we provide evidence that mitochondrial tRNAs can also be a source of tRFs. Very specific tRF-5D deriving not only from nucleus-encoded but also from plastid-encoded tRNAs are strongly enriched in AGO1 immunoprecipitates. We demonstrate that the organellar tRFs are not found within chloroplasts or mitochondria but rather accumulate outside the organelles. These observations suggest that some organellar tRFs could play regulatory functions within the plant cell and may be part of a signaling pathway.Cognat, Valerie Morelle, Geoffrey Megel, Cyrille Lalande, Stephanie Molinier, Jean Vincent, Timothee Small, Ian Duchene, Anne-Marie Marechal-Drouard, Laurence eng England 2016/12/03 06:00 Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Apr 7;45(6):3460-3472. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1122.PMC538970

Les ARN de transfert, une nouvelle source de petits ARN non-codants chez Arabidopsis thaliana

During the last decade, a new class of small non-coding RNAs called tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) has emerged. Whilst the canonic role of tRNA is well-known, the reason(s) why stable tRFs remains in the cell is unknown. Indeed, the number of tRFs has rapidly increased in various evolutionary divergent organisms. To date, only few data on their biogenesis and on their biological roles is known but their importance in the regulation of gene expression and in cell life is expanding. In plants, the existence of tRFs has also been reported but only few data are available. Using deep-sequencing on various small RNA libraries from Arabidopsis thaliana and Northern blots experiments, we confirmed the existence of a large but specific population of tRFs. Following these observations, three questions are addressed. First, what are the enzymes responsible for tRFs biogenesis, second where are tRFs generated and third, are tRFs merely degredation by-products or do they have biological functions?Au cours de ces 10 dernières années une nouvelle classe de petits ARN non-codants nommés "tRNA-derived fragments" (tRFs) a été caractérisée. Tandis que le rôle canonique des tRNA est bien connu, les raisons pour lesquels des fragments de tRNA s'accumulent dans la cellule restent inconnues. Actuellement, peu d'informations sont disponibles sur leurs biogenèses et leurs rôles biologiques, mais les preuves montrant leur importance dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes augmente régulièrement. Cependant, peu de données sont disponibles chez les plantes. A l'aide d’expérience de "deep-sequencing" et de northern blot nous avons confirmé l'existence d'une grande population en tRFs d'origine variée. A la suite de ces observations, trois questions sont établies. Tout d'abord, quelles sont les enzymes responsables de la biogenèse des tRFs. Ensuite, où les tRFs sont générés. Enfin, est-ce que les tRFs sont des sous-produits de la dégradation des tRNA ou ont-ils une fonction biologique

tRNAs a new source of small non-coding RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana

Au cours de ces 10 dernières années une nouvelle classe de petits ARN non-codants nommés "tRNA-derived fragments" (tRFs) a été caractérisée. Tandis que le rôle canonique des tRNA est bien connu, les raisons pour lesquels des fragments de tRNA s'accumulent dans la cellule restent inconnues. Actuellement, peu d'informations sont disponibles sur leurs biogenèses et leurs rôles biologiques, mais les preuves montrant leur importance dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes augmente régulièrement. Cependant, peu de données sont disponibles chez les plantes. A l'aide d’expérience de "deep-sequencing" et de northern blot nous avons confirmé l'existence d'une grande population en tRFs d'origine variée. A la suite de ces observations, trois questions sont établies. Tout d'abord, quelles sont les enzymes responsables de la biogenèse des tRFs. Ensuite, où les tRFs sont générés. Enfin, est-ce que les tRFs sont des sous-produits de la dégradation des tRNA ou ont-ils une fonction biologique?During the last decade, a new class of small non-coding RNAs called tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) has emerged. Whilst the canonic role of tRNA is well-known, the reason(s) why stable tRFs remains in the cell is unknown. Indeed, the number of tRFs has rapidly increased in various evolutionary divergent organisms. To date, only few data on their biogenesis and on their biological roles is known but their importance in the regulation of gene expression and in cell life is expanding. In plants, the existence of tRFs has also been reported but only few data are available. Using deep-sequencing on various small RNA libraries from Arabidopsis thaliana and Northern blots experiments, we confirmed the existence of a large but specific population of tRFs. Following these observations, three questions are addressed. First, what are the enzymes responsible for tRFs biogenesis, second where are tRFs generated and third, are tRFs merely degredation by-products or do they have biological functions

tRNAs a new source of small non-coding RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana

Au cours de ces 10 dernières années une nouvelle classe de petits ARN non-codants nommés "tRNA-derived fragments" (tRFs) a été caractérisée. Tandis que le rôle canonique des tRNA est bien connu, les raisons pour lesquels des fragments de tRNA s'accumulent dans la cellule restent inconnues. Actuellement, peu d'informations sont disponibles sur leurs biogenèses et leurs rôles biologiques, mais les preuves montrant leur importance dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes augmente régulièrement. Cependant, peu de données sont disponibles chez les plantes. A l'aide d’expérience de "deep-sequencing" et de northern blot nous avons confirmé l'existence d'une grande population en tRFs d'origine variée. A la suite de ces observations, trois questions sont établies. Tout d'abord, quelles sont les enzymes responsables de la biogenèse des tRFs. Ensuite, où les tRFs sont générés. Enfin, est-ce que les tRFs sont des sous-produits de la dégradation des tRNA ou ont-ils une fonction biologique?During the last decade, a new class of small non-coding RNAs called tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) has emerged. Whilst the canonic role of tRNA is well-known, the reason(s) why stable tRFs remains in the cell is unknown. Indeed, the number of tRFs has rapidly increased in various evolutionary divergent organisms. To date, only few data on their biogenesis and on their biological roles is known but their importance in the regulation of gene expression and in cell life is expanding. In plants, the existence of tRFs has also been reported but only few data are available. Using deep-sequencing on various small RNA libraries from Arabidopsis thaliana and Northern blots experiments, we confirmed the existence of a large but specific population of tRFs. Following these observations, three questions are addressed. First, what are the enzymes responsible for tRFs biogenesis, second where are tRFs generated and third, are tRFs merely degredation by-products or do they have biological functions

Surveillance and Cleavage of Eukaryotic tRNAs

Beyond their central role in protein synthesis, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have many other crucial functions. This includes various roles in the regulation of gene expression, stress responses, metabolic processes and priming reverse transcription. In the RNA world, tRNAs are, with ribosomal RNAs, among the most stable molecules. Nevertheless, they are not eternal. As key elements of cell function, tRNAs need to be continuously quality-controlled. Two tRNA surveillance pathways have been identified. They act on hypo-modified or mis-processed pre-tRNAs and on mature tRNAs lacking modifications. A short overview of these two pathways will be presented here. Furthermore, while the exoribonucleases acting in these pathways ultimately lead to complete tRNA degradation, numerous tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are present within a cell. These cleavage products of tRNAs now potentially emerge as a new class of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and are suspected to have important regulatory functions. The tRFs are evolutionarily widespread and created by cleavage at different positions by various endonucleases. Here, we review our present knowledge on the biogenesis and function of tRFs in various organisms

The nuclear and organellar tRNA-derived RNA fragment population in Arabidopsis thaliana is hygly dynamic

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