Evantropia and Dysantropia: A Possible New Stage in the History of Utopias

The term utopia was coined five centuries ago but to some extent the utopian imagination is something that every civilisation has embraced. A utopia is grosso modo a normative image of a society based on particular needs—and the possible solutions to those needs—from the point of view of a collective or individual subject. This subject is limited by his or her time-space coordinates: language, history and culture in general. Utopias usually replace each other and an idealistic dream in period T1 becomes a nightmare in T2 because needs and resources change in time and space. Such changes are unavoidable, so utopian subjects become aware of the limitations of static images. Therefore, utopian scholars have marked another meaning for the term which is a broader one (Cioranescu 1972: 21-22). Utopia, in such broader sense, is an approach to social problems based on a method using imagination to provide a model in actu—it would be more accurate to say in fictio—to convince contemporary fellow countrymen to apply some policies to fulfil their general needs.Fil: Misseri, Lucas Emmanuel. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Lanús; Argentina. Université Catholique de Louvain; Bélgica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Analisis Kemampuan Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Persamaan Linear Satu Variabel Pada Siswa Kelas VIIIA SMPK St. Paulus Karuni

Based on the test results on the material about linear equations of one variable, students of class VIIIA SMPK St. Paulus Karuni show that students still have difficulty in solving linear equations of one variable. This is because the use of strategies in solving linear equations of one variable is still minimal and the teacher does not emphasize the most important part in solving the problem so that students still make mistakes. During the learning process, students have been taught using the Metacognitive-discursive approach. The Metacognitive approach emphasizes the learning process that requires students to give reasons for each answer, comment on wrong or erroneous answers using axioms and theorems that have been taught. Discursive means that teachers must adopt a teaching culture where before the students answer or comment on the wrong answer, the students first raise their hands and after being given the opportunity, the students can answer or comment. This study aims to determine the extent of students' ability to solve linear equations of one variable (PLSV) by using strategies that have been developed by teachers and researchers in solving PLSV problems. The subjects of this study amounted to 15 people. The results showed that of the 15 students who solved the problem, 13 of them solved correctly by giving reasons for their answers and the other 2 were wrong in calculating the final result. After the students were taught using the strategy developed by the teacher and researcher, there were 3 different variations of answers. Of these three answers, there were 2 types of answers that were solved correctly and one of the answers had a calculation error in the last part. In the first 2 types of answers, there is a difference where one type of answer students calculates to get the final result in the simplest form. This means that students still use additional rules to simplify the term

The Meritocratic Dystopia and the Communitarian Utopia of Michael Sandel

El texto es un análisis crítico del libro La tiranía del mérito de Michael Sandel sobre la base del contraste conceptual distopía/utopía. En la primera sección se describen los tres elementos que constituirían la distopía meritocrática, que según Sandel, devino realidad en nuestro tiempo. En la segunda sección se da cuenta de dos alternativas que Sandel opone a la meritocracia: el neoliberalismo y el liberalismo igualitario, y se añade la alternativa socialista. Luego, se describen los aspectos constructivos de su libro. Finalmente, se subrayan algunas críticas a la propuesta sandeliana, especialmente algunos aspectos que parecen arbitrarios.The text is a critical analysis of Michael Sandel’s book The Tyranny of Merit on the basis of the conceptual pair dystopia/utopia. The first section describes the three elements that constitute the meritocratic dystopia which became a reality in our times, according to Sandel. In the second section the two alternatives that Sandel opposes to meritocracy are described: the neoliberal, and the egalitarian liberal one; and the socialist alternative is added. Then, the constructive aspects of his book are described. Finally, some criticisms of the Sandelian proposal are highlighted, especially some aspects that seem arbitrary

The Utopia of an Open Borders World: A Conditional Cosmopolitan Argument in its Favour

En el presente trabajo se aborda el tema de la apertura de las fronteras nacionales, en especial a migrantes de Estados desfavorecidos. Tras un breve repaso de algunos argumentos comunitaristas y liberales en contra y a favor de las fronteras abiertas, especialmente el sostenido por C. H. Wellman, se defiende un argumento “cosmopolita condicional”. “Cosmopolita” porque se acepta la idea guía de que todos los seres humanos somos iguales independientemente de hechos accidentales como el lugar de nacimiento. “Condicional” porque se defiende la condición de que hay una obligación moral de abrir las fronteras a migrantes si estos carecen de un mínimo de recursos suficientes para llevar una vida digna.In this paper the subject-matter of the openness of national borders is approached, especially concerning to migrants from worst-off states. After reviewing some communitarian and liberal arguments against and in favour of the open borders – especially C. H. Wellman’s position— a “cosmopolitan conditional” argument is defended. “Cosmopolitan” because the guiding idea of the equality of all human beings is accepted, independently of accidental facts as the place of birth. “Conditional” because it is held the condition that there is a moral obligation to open the border to migrants if these lack a minimum of sufficient resources to live a life worth living

Utopia, Law and Morality in My Struggle by K. O. Knausgård

La novela autobiográfica de Knausgård es un caso paradigmático para el análisis del vínculo entre derecho y literatura, porque permite tener tres perspectivas del mismo: la del derecho en, de y como literatura. En este artículo se hace hincapié en la primera. La tesis que se defiende es que la problemática postura de Knausgård de hablar de “utopía nazi” es comprensible si se la compara con los problemas de hablar de un derecho nazi. Siendo el aspecto más criticable el relativismo moral que sustenta dicha concepción, que le impide tener una visión más cabal del elemento justificativo de las utopías y del derecho.Knausgård's autobiographical novel is a paradigmatic case for the analysis of the link between law and literature, because it allows us to have three perspectives of it: that of law in, of, and as literature. This article emphasizes the first one. The claim defended is that Knausgård's problematic position of speaking about a "Nazi utopia" is understandable when compared to the problems of speaking about a Nazi law. The most critical aspect of his conception is moral relativism, which prevents him from having a more complete view of the justifying element of utopias and law

Vers une utilisation de la diversité de chemins dans l'internet

In this thesis we consider a new service where carriers offer additional routes to their customers (w.r.t. to the BGP default route) as a free or value-added service. These alternate routes can be used by customers to optimize their communications, by bypassing some congested points in the Internet (e.g. a “tussled” peeringpoints), to help them to meet their traffic engineering objectives (better delays etc.) or just for robustness purposes (e.g, shift to a disjoint alternate route if needed). First we propose a simple architecture that allows a network service provider to benefit from the diversity it currently receives. Then we extend this architecture in order to make the propagation of the Internet path diversity possible, not only to direct neighbors but also to their neighbors and so on. We take advantage of this advance to relax the route selection processes of autonomous systems in order to make them be able to set up new routing paradigms. Nevertheless announcing additional paths can lead to scalability issues, so each carrier could receive more paths than what it could manage. We quantify this issue and we underline easy adaptations and small path filterings which make the number of paths drop to a manageable amount. Last but not least we set up an auction-type route allocation framework, which gives to network service providers the opportunities first to propagate to their neighbors only the paths the said neighbors are interested in and second to leverage a new routing selection paradigm based on commercial agreements and negotiationsNous considérons, dans cette thèse, un nouveau service par lequel les opérateurs de télécommunications offrent des routes supplémentaires à leurs clients (en plus de la route par défaut) comme un service gratuit ou à valeur ajoutée. Ces routes supplémentaires peuvent être utilisées par des clients afin d’optimiser leurs communications, en outrepassant des points de congestion d’Internet, ou les aider à atteindre leurs objectifs d’ingénierie de trafic (meilleurs délais etc.) ou dans un but de robustesse. Nous proposons d’abord une architecture simple permettant à un opérateur de télécommunication de bénéficier de la diversité de chemin qu’il reçoit déjà. Nous étendons ensuite cette architecture afin de rendre possible la propagation de cette diversité de chemin, non seulement aux voisins directs mais aussi, de proche en proche, aux autres domaines. Nous profitons de cette occasion pour relaxer la sélection des routes des différents domaines afin de leur permettre de mettre en place de nouveaux paradigmes de routage. Néanmoins, annoncer des chemins additionnels peut entrainer des problèmes de passage à l’échelle car chaque opérateur peut potentiellement recevoir plus de chemins que ce qu’il peut gérer. Nous quantifions ce problème et mettons en avant des modifications et filtrages simples permettant de réduire ce nombre à un niveau acceptable. En dernier, nous proposons un processus, inspiré des ventes aux enchères, permettant aux opérateurs de propager aux domaines voisins seulement les chemins qui intéressent les dits voisins. De plus, ce processus permet de mettre en avant un nouveau paradigme de propagation de routes, basé sur des négociations et accords commerciau

Outcome of after-hours surgery: Setting, skill and timing may explain the outcome:

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