Ethnoichthyology, diet and food taboos of artisanal fishermen

Orientador: Alpina BegossiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias HumanasResumo: Esta tese foi desenvolvida em três comunidades de pescadores artesanais de Ilhabela, localizadas no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O objetivo geral foi analisar, por meio de levantamento etnoictiológico, análise da dieta e tabus alimentares, as interações os pescadores com os recursos pesqueiros, bem como a diversidade de uso dos peixes, visando entender os aspectos ambientais e culturais da interação homem-pesca-peixes. A coleta dos dados etnobiológicos foi realizada através de entrevistas com o auxílio de questionários semi-estruturados e fotos de espécies de peixes da região. Para a coleta dos dados sobre a dieta foram realizados recordatórios de 24 horas verificando os itens alimentares consumidos. Para as preferências e os tabus alimentares os pescadores e demais membros da família maiores de 18 anos foram entrevistados com roteiros estruturados. Foram coletados, fixados e identificados exemplares da ictiofauna presente nos desembarques acontecidos nas comunidades durante os períodos de coleta de dados. Os dados etnobiológicos foram analisados através de comparações com as informações científicas da literatura ictiológica. Os dados de dieta foram analisados através de índices de diversidade, amplitude de nicho, curvas de rarefação e teste t. Participaram desta pesquisa 15 famílias da praia da Serraria, 4 da praia do Jabaquara e 5 da praia da Fome, totalizando 26 entrevistas de etnoictiologia, 489 refeições amostradas e 26 entrevistas de preferências e tabus alimentares. De acordo com o conhecimento dos pescadores foi produzida uma listagem etnotaxonômica composta por 41 nomes genéricos e 17 binomiais e formados de 8 agrupamentos de peixes considerados "parentes". Estas e as demais informações sobre ecologia (alimentação, hábitat, predação e formação de cardumes) dos peixes apresentaram elevada concordância com a literatura cientifica. A dieta dos pescadores mostrou-se diversificada em relação ao total de itens alimentares consumidos e algumas diferenças foram identificadas na comparação entre as comunidades. Os pescadores preferem consumir peixes de escama e não consomem o baiacu, devido a sua característica tóxica. Alguns peixes são evitados em casos como feridas, inflamações, gravidez e pós parto e outros são indicados como peixes medicinais nestas situações. Tanto aspectos relativos à dieta, quanto ao consumo de pescado e a atividade de pesca fazem parte do corpo de conhecimento dos pescadores e suas famílias e constituem um acervo rico de informações que somadas as informações biológicas são úteis para a conservação dos recursos pesqueirosAbstract: This thesis was developed in three communities of artisanal fishermen from Ilhabela, located on the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The general objective was to analyze, by means of an ethnoichthyological inventory, the diet analysis and food taboos, the fishermen interactions with fish resources as well as the diversity of fish use, focusing on the understanding of the environmental and cultural aspects of the man-fishing-fish interaction. The ethnobiological data was collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and photos of fish species from the region. For the data collection on diet, recalls of 24 hours were carried out checking the food items consumed; about the preferences and food taboos among fishermen and other family members over 18 were interviewed with structured guide. The specimens of the fish fauna present in the landings occurred in communities, during periods of data collection were collected, identified and fixed. The ethnobiological data was analyzed throughout comparisons with the scientific literature of ichthyology. The diet data were analyzed using indices of diversity, niche amplitude, rarefaction curve and T-test. This research included 15 families from Serrania beach, 4 from Jabaquara beach and 5 from Fome beach, totaling 26 interviews of ethnoichthyology, 489 meals sampled and 26 interviews with food preferences and taboos. According to the knowledge of fishermen an ethnotaxonomic list was produced encompassing of 41 folk names, 17 binomials and 8 groups of fish considered related among themselves. These and other information about fish ecology (food, habitat, predation and shoal formation) are in high concordance with the scientific literature. The diet of fishermen showed to be diverse in relation to the total number of food items consumed and some differences were identified when comparing communities. The Fishermen prefer to consume scale fish and not to consume the puffer fish, due to its toxic characteristic. Some fish are avoided in cases such as wounds, inflammations, pregnancy and post partum and other fish are recommended as medical treatment in these situations. Aspects related to the diet, as well as the consumption of fish and the fishing activities are part of the body of knowledge of the fishermen and their families, and constitute a rich body of information that added up to the biological information is useful to the conservation of fish resourcesDoutoradoAspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e ConservaçãoDoutor em Ambiente e Sociedad

O conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores artesanais de Fernando de Noronha (PE) sobre as espécies de peixes utilizadas como iscas

Artisanal fishing on Fernando de Noronha is directly related to fishing for bait, since commercial fishing depends on these baits. This work aimed to analyze the local ecological knowledge of fishermen about the biology and ecology of the fish species used as bait on Fernando de Noronha (state of Pernambuco - PE) to support the planning of the local activity. Data collection was carried out through interviews with semi-structured scripts containing questions about the socio-economic profile of the fishermen and the biological and ecological aspects of the species used as bait. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, seeking to represent a consensus among the informants and to compare the local ecological knowledge with the scientific literature through the method of comparative cognition and the hypothesis test. Sixty-nine fishermen were interviewed, using false herrings (Harengula clupeola) and mackerel scads (Decapterus macarellus) as their main bait fish, in still fishing and fishing using boats. The hypothesis test, applied to the mentioned results by more than 30% of the fishermen, showed a high degree of agreement between local ecological knowledge and the scientific literature, revealing detailed knowledge of the fishermen on the biological and ecological aspects of false herrings and mackerel scads. Catching bait fish on Fernando de Noronha proved to be extremely important, both for the relationship with artisanal fishing and for the maintenance of local knowledge and culture. The results obtained in this research should foster a very much-needed dialogue between fishermen and those responsible for managing conservation units to create legal and effective mechanisms to meet the demand for bait fish used in commercial fishing and to maintain a sustainable artisanal fishing model for Fernando de Noronha.A pesca artesanal em Fernando de Noronha está diretamente relacionada com a pesca de iscas, pois delas dependem as capturas dos peixes comerciais. Este trabalho objetivou analisar o conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores sobre a biologia e a ecologia das espécies de peixes utilizadas como iscas em Fernando de Noronha (PE), a fim de subsidiar o ordenamento da atividade local. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados que continham questões sobre o perfil socioeconômico dos pescadores e aspectos biológicos e ecológicos das espécies utilizadas como iscas. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente e quantitativamente, buscando representar o consenso entre os informantes e comparar o conhecimento ecológico local com a literatura cientifica pelo método de cognição comparada e o teste de hipóteses. Foram entrevistados 69 pescadores, que utilizam a sardinha (Harengula clupeola) e o garapau (Decapterus macarellus) como principais iscas, em pescarias embarcadas ou desembarcadas. O teste de hipótese, aplicado em resultados citados por mais de 30% dos pescadores, demonstrou elevado grau de concordância entre o conhecimento ecológico local e a literatura científica, revelando o conhecimento detalhado que os pescadores possuem sobre os aspectos biológicos e ecológicos da sardinha e garapau. A captura de iscas em Fernando de Noronha mostrou-se de extrema importância, tanto para a relação com a pesca artesanal quanto para a manutenção dos saberes e da cultura local. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa devem fomentar o diálogo necessário entre os pescadores e a gestão das unidades de conservação, a fim de criar mecanismos legais e efetivos para atender à demanda de iscas necessárias à atividade comercial e, ainda, à manutenção de um modelo de pesca artesanal sustentável para Fernando de Noronha

Fishers' Knowledge About Fish Trophic Interactions In The Southeastern Brazilian Coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Background: Data derived from studies of fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) can be invaluable to the proposal of new studies and more appropriate management strategies. This study analyzed the fisher's LEK about trophic relationships of fishes in the southeastern Brazilian coast, comparing fishers' LEK with scientific knowledge to provide new hypotheses. Methods: The initial contacts with fishers were made through informal visits in their residences, to explain the research goals, meet fishers and their families, check the number of resident fishers and ask for fishers' consent to participate in the research. After this initial contact, fishers were selected to be included in the interviews through the technique of snowball sampling. The fishers indicated by others who attended the criteria to be included in the research were interviewed by using a semi-structured standard questionnaire. Results: There were interviewed 26 artisanal fishers from three communities of the Ilhabela: Jabaquara, Fome and Serraria. The interviewed fishers showed a detailed knowledge about the trophic interactions of the studied coastal fishes, as fishers mentioned 17 food items for these fishes and six fish and three mammals as fish predators. The most mentioned food items were small fish, shrimps and crabs, while the most mentioned predators were large reef fishes. Fishers also mentioned some predators, such as sea otters, that have not been reported by the biological literature and are poorly known. Conclusions: The LEK of the studied fishers showed a high degree of concordance with the scientific literature regarding fish diet. This study evidenced the value of fishers' LEK to improve fisheries research and management, as well as the needy to increase the collaboration among managers, biologists and fishers.11Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [04/02183-6]FAPESP [01/05263-2, 2012/16722-2

Etnoictiologia dos pescadores artesanais da praia de Guaibim, Valença (BA), Brasil

This study investigates the knowledge of fishermen from Guaibim Beach, Valença, Bahia, Brazil on species of fish found in that area. In January 2005, 34 fishermen over 20 years old, who live and work in that area for at least 20 years, were interviewed about the ethnoecology and ethnoictiology aspects of 38 species of fish. The fishermen identified the 38 species of fish with a total of 113 folk monomials or folk generic names, and 38 specific binomials. Using fish pictures shown during the interviews, they also formed 11 different groups, called ethnofamilies, which are classified as relatives or cousins. The results show that fishermen have a detailed knowledge on nomenclature and classification of the species studied as well as on the ecology of fish, describing the habitat, diet, behavior and the utilities (consumption and / or sale) of these species. In several aspects, the local ecological knowledge is similar to scientific knowledge about ecology and classification of the species. However, differences between these two forms of knowledge are noticed in the criteria used in folk taxonomy (behavior, for instance). The study of local ecological knowledge is an important source of information about fish ecology. It can be investigated through biological research, in order to contribute to a more efficient management of fishing programs in Brazil. Key words: Ethnobiology, ehnoichthyology, artisanal fishermen, marine fish, Atlantic Forest Coast, Brazil.Esse estudo investiga o conhecimento dos pescadores da praia de Guaibim (Valença, BA) sobre espécies de peixes capturadas na região. Entrevistas abordando aspectos etnoecológicos e etnoictiológicos de 38 espécies de peixes foram realizadas em janeiro de 2005 com 34 pescadores maiores de 20 anos, que residem e pescam no local há, pelo menos, 20 anos. Os pescadores nomearam as 38 espécies com um total de 113 nomes populares monomiais ou “genéricos”, 38 binomiais ou “específicos” e formaram 11 diferentes grupos de peixes (etnofamílias), classificados como parentes ou primos. Os resultados mostram que os pescadores possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre nomenclatura e classificação das espécies estudadas, bem como sobre a ecologia de peixes, descrevendo o hábitat, a dieta, o comportamento e as utilidades (para consumo e/ou venda) dessas espécies. Em muitos aspectos, o conhecimento ecológico local é semelhante ao conhecimento científico sobre ecologia e classificação das espécies. As diferenças detectadas, porém, podem agregar informações importantes à ictiologia se analisadas em detalhe, contribuindo para um manejo mais eficiente da pesca artesanal no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Etnobiologia, etnoictiologia, pescadores artesanais, peixes marinhos, Mata Atlântica, Brasil

Evaluation of potential future development of experimental laboratory how cells co-management in points of culture municipio Santos - SP

O presente trabalho identifica e a avalia os Pontos de Cultura existentes na cidade de Santos-SP, com o objetivo de detectar possibilidades para futuros desenvolvimentos de laboratórios experimentais como núcleos de co-manejo. A pesquisa, que usou como base o Catálogo da Rede dos Pontos de Cultura do Estado de São Paulo para  a identificação dos Pontos (BRASIL, 2012), foi realizada entre os meses de junho e julho de 2012. Foram identificados dois Pontos de Cultura: o Projeto Parcel, localizado na área continental de Santos, e a Estação da Cidadania e Cultura, na área insular de Santos. Ambos possuem potencial para o desenvolvimento de atividades experimentais relacionadas à temática e poderiam subsidiar atividades de co-manejo.This paper identifies and evaluates the Points of Culture in the city of Santos, São Paulo State, aiming to detect possibilities for future developments of experimental laboratories as nuclei for co-management. The survey, which used as source the Network Catalog of Culture Points of São Paulo State to identify points (BRAZIL 2012), was carried out between June and July 2012. It was identified two Points of Culture: the “Project Parcel”, located in the continental area, and the “Station of Citizenship and Culture”, in the insular area of Santos. Both have potential to develop experimental activities related to the theme and could subsidize activities of co-management

Fishers’ knowledge about fish trophic interactions in the southeastern Brazilian coast

Data derived from studies of fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) can be invaluable to the proposal of new studies and more appropriate management strategies. This study analyzed the fisher's LEK about trophic relationships of fishes in the southeastern Brazilian coast, comparing fishers' LEK with scientific knowledge to provide new hypotheses. The initial contacts with fishers were made through informal visits in their residences, to explain the research goals, meet fishers and their families, check the number of resident fishers and ask for fishers' consent to participate in the research. After this initial contact, fishers were selected to be included in the interviews through the technique of snowball sampling. The fishers indicated by others who attended the criteria to be included in the research were interviewed by using a semi-structured standard questionnaire. There were interviewed 26 artisanal fishers from three communities of the Ilhabela: Jabaquara, Fome and Serraria. The interviewed fishers showed a detailed knowledge about the trophic interactions of the studied coastal fishes, as fishers mentioned 17 food items for these fishes and six fish and three mammals as fish predators. The most mentioned food items were small fish, shrimps and crabs, while the most mentioned predators were large reef fishes. Fishers also mentioned some predators, such as sea otters, that have not been reported by the biological literature and are poorly known. The LEK of the studied fishers showed a high degree of concordance with the scientific literature regarding fish diet. This study evidenced the value of fishers' LEK to improve fisheries research and management, as well as the needy to increase the collaboration among managers, biologists and fishers

Aspectos biológicos e socioeconômicos da pesca esportiva no "Deck do Pescador" de Santos (SP, Brasil)

Sport fishing is one of the fastest growing leisure categories in today's world. In Brazil it is also practiced as a sport or leisure, noncommercial purposes. However, few studies are conducted in order to manage this activity in a sustainable manner. This study aimed to analyze sport fishing, practiced the "Fisherman’s Deck" (Santos, SP, Brazil), describing their biological characteristics and the socioeconomic profile of its participants. We interviewed 150 fishermen, aged between 12 and 82 years, 85% male. The majority (56%) has a college degree and resides near the fishing spot. The target species are swordfish (Trichiurus lepturus), bass (Centropomus spp.), Hake (Cynoscion spp.), betara (Menticirrhus americanus), corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) and hake-yellow (Macrodon atricauda). Three types of fishing, bottom fishing, surface and crab were identified. Fishermen indicated that fish stocks have declined due to increased commercial fishing and pollution. Each fishery lasted on average 5.0 (S.D.=2.1) hours and captured 850,8g (S.D.=962.5) g / angler / day. The estimated catch for the study period was 1314.8 (S.D.=1919.1) kg, representing less than 3% of fish landed by commercial fishing. Therefore, sport fishing from "Fisherman’s Deck" causes low impact to regional fish stocks

PREFERÊNCIAS, TABUS ALIMENTARES E USO MEDICINAL DE PEIXES NA RESERVA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL BARRA DO UNA, SÃO PAULO

The intimate relationship between man and nature in coastal (caiçara) communities in São Paulo can reveal important information about the environment. Fish constitute one of the most important natural resources for traditional coastal communities in Brazil, with environmental, cultural and economic relevance. The present research had as objective to analyze the preferences, the taboos food and the medical indications of species of fish in the Sustainable Development Reserve of Barra do Una, Peruíbe, São Paulo. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and the sampling unit considered was the household. Data analysis was performed through comparative cognition and the results obtained generated descriptions about preferences, food taboos and medicinal indications through local knowledge. Caratinga (Eugerres brasilianus) and catfish (Genidens barbus) are examples of fish species mentioned as medicinal; these are also appreciated food, frequently consumed in the community. We emphasize the importance of oral communication, which can generate interest and knowledge about natural resources, as well as the strengthening of local cultural values.O relacionamento íntimo entre homem e natureza nas comunidades costeiras (caiçara) em São Paulo pode revelar informações importantes sobre o meio ambiente. Os peixes constituem um dos recursos naturais mais importantes para as comunidades costeiras tradicionais no Brasil, com relevância ambiental, cultural e econômica. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as preferências, os tabus alimentares e as indicações medicinais de espécies de peixes na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Barra do Una, Peruíbe, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e a unidade de amostragem considerada foi a família. A análise de dados foi realizada através da cognição comparativa e os resultados obtidos geraram descrições sobre preferências, tabus alimentares e indicações medicinais através do conhecimento local. Caratinga (Eugerres brasilianus) e bagre (Genidens barbus) são exemplos de espécies de peixes mencionadas como medicamentos. Estes são também alimentos apreciados e frequentemente consumidos na comunidade. Enfatizamos a importância da comunicação oral, que pode gerar interesse e conhecimento sobre os recursos naturais, bem como o fortalecimento dos valores culturais locais