A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect

We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project (k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result (d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect (d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.</p

Etude des facteurs et des interventions basées sur le planning comportements de santé : applications à l'activité physique et à l'adhésion médicamenteuse

Individuals do not always enact their intentions into behaviours, which may lead to severe outcomes especially in health-related fields. Self-regulation strategies, like cuedependent plans interventions, have shown efficiency to help to counter the intentionbehaviour gap. Yet, no review has been realised recently to bring a qualitative and quantitative analyses of this effect.Firstly, we carried out a qualitative review to evaluate the effectiveness of cuedependent planning intervention to increase health-related behaviours. We included 329 studies with experimental and prospective designs that measured or evaluated the effect of cue-dependent plans (e.g. implementation intention, action planning, coping planning) on health-related behaviours, among general, clinical and student population. The qualitative analysis revealed for instance that implementation intentions were used in majority, even if the if-then format was not systematically adopted. However, we oticed confusion between the terminologies of the plans and the theories. A quantitative review will be realised to evaluate the effect size and the moderators that could magnify or diminish the effects of cuedependent planning interventions on health-related behaviours. Second, we presented two studies that tested the effectiveness of cue-dependent planning interventions on physical activity, which was the most represented health outcome in cue-dependent planning interventions, according to our review. Motivational (mental simulation) and volitional (implementation intention) interventions were combined to promote physical activity participation. The first study, adopting a cluster randomised controlled trial design among students, did not show any significant effect neither of the mental simulation plus implementation intention intervention, nor of the implementation intention intervention compared to the control condition. The second study adopted a more rigorous methodology with a full-factorial randomised controlled design, with a larger sample and objective measures of physical activity (attendance to gym centre). Nevertheless, the study revealed no statistically significant main or interactive effects of the mental simulation and implementation intention conditions on physical activity outcomes. Findings were not in line with previous research that showed effects of cue-dependent plans to promote physical activity. This adds to the necessity of identifying the moderators of these interventions in health behaviours.Thirdly, cue-dependent planning interventions are needed in illness behaviours. In chronic disease, non-adherence to medication is a public health problem that can lead to negative health outcomes. Even if the patients want to take their treatment, they may, for instance, forget it and fail to enact the behaviour. We tested the ability of an intervention adopting implementation intention and coping planning to promote medication adherence. In a randomized controlled trial, outpatients with cardiovascular diseases were randomly allocated to either an implementation intention and coping planning condition, or to a noplanning control condition. Findings revealed no significant effect of the intervention on medication adherence. However, post hoc moderator analyses showed that the beliefs moderated the effect of the intervention, which was effective in patients with lower necessity beliefs compared to those with higher necessity beliefs. The design used in the study did not enable to test the direct an interactive effect on medication adherence, so it would be necessary to replicate these findings with a full factorial design among patients with cardiovascular diseases.L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en françai

Health behaviours strategies promotion : cue-dependent planning interventions and factors

L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en françaisIndividuals do not always enact their intentions into behaviours, which may lead to severe outcomes especially in health-related fields. Self-regulation strategies, like cuedependent plans interventions, have shown efficiency to help to counter the intentionbehaviour gap. Yet, no review has been realised recently to bring a qualitative and quantitative analyses of this effect.Firstly, we carried out a qualitative review to evaluate the effectiveness of cuedependent planning intervention to increase health-related behaviours. We included 329 studies with experimental and prospective designs that measured or evaluated the effect of cue-dependent plans (e.g. implementation intention, action planning, coping planning) on health-related behaviours, among general, clinical and student population. The qualitative analysis revealed for instance that implementation intentions were used in majority, even if the if-then format was not systematically adopted. However, we oticed confusion between the terminologies of the plans and the theories. A quantitative review will be realised to evaluate the effect size and the moderators that could magnify or diminish the effects of cuedependent planning interventions on health-related behaviours. Second, we presented two studies that tested the effectiveness of cue-dependent planning interventions on physical activity, which was the most represented health outcome in cue-dependent planning interventions, according to our review. Motivational (mental simulation) and volitional (implementation intention) interventions were combined to promote physical activity participation. The first study, adopting a cluster randomised controlled trial design among students, did not show any significant effect neither of the mental simulation plus implementation intention intervention, nor of the implementation intention intervention compared to the control condition. The second study adopted a more rigorous methodology with a full-factorial randomised controlled design, with a larger sample and objective measures of physical activity (attendance to gym centre). Nevertheless, the study revealed no statistically significant main or interactive effects of the mental simulation and implementation intention conditions on physical activity outcomes. Findings were not in line with previous research that showed effects of cue-dependent plans to promote physical activity. This adds to the necessity of identifying the moderators of these interventions in health behaviours.Thirdly, cue-dependent planning interventions are needed in illness behaviours. In chronic disease, non-adherence to medication is a public health problem that can lead to negative health outcomes. Even if the patients want to take their treatment, they may, for instance, forget it and fail to enact the behaviour. We tested the ability of an intervention adopting implementation intention and coping planning to promote medication adherence. In a randomized controlled trial, outpatients with cardiovascular diseases were randomly allocated to either an implementation intention and coping planning condition, or to a noplanning control condition. Findings revealed no significant effect of the intervention on medication adherence. However, post hoc moderator analyses showed that the beliefs moderated the effect of the intervention, which was effective in patients with lower necessity beliefs compared to those with higher necessity beliefs. The design used in the study did not enable to test the direct an interactive effect on medication adherence, so it would be necessary to replicate these findings with a full factorial design among patients with cardiovascular diseases

Trouble du déficit de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité et tabagisme en milieu carcéral

International audienceIntroduction :Les personnes souffrant de Trouble du Déficit de l’Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH) présentent un risque accru de consommer du tabac (Lee et al., 2011) et ont généralement un profil tabagique plus sévère qu'en population générale (VanAmsterdam et al., 2018). En population incarcérée, on observe une prévalence du TDAH et du tabagisme plus élevée qu’en population générale(Jacomet et al., 2016 ; Young & Cocallis, 2019). Notre objectif est de vérifier si la consommation de tabac est plus sévère chez les détenus présentant une symptomatologie du TDAH.Méthode :Nous avons évalué les variables suivantes :Consommation de tabac (auto-rapportée), dépendance à la nicotine (FTND), intensité du craving (FTCQ), motivation à l'arrêt du tabac (Q-MAT), symptomatologie actuelle du TDAH (ASRS) et dans l’enfance (WURS).Nous avons effectué des comparaisons statistiques entre les individus probablement atteints d'un TDAH et ceux ne présentant probablement pas de TDAH. Pour cela, les participants ont été classés dans le groupe "TDAH" seulement s'ils ont obtenu un score supérieur aux scores seuils définis pour l'ASRS et la WURS.Résultats :Le groupe TDAH a présenté un âge de début de consommation régulière de tabac significativement plus faible que le groupe sans TDAH (U=275 ; p=0.019). De plus, les individus dépistés avec un TDAH ont affiché un score total moyen significativement plus élevé à la FTND que le groupe sans TDAH (U=262 ; p=0.012). Cette tendance s'est également observée pour le score total moyen obtenu à la FTCQ-12 (U=288 ; p=0.029). Cependant, aucune différence significative n'a été constatée au niveau du score total obtenu à la Q-MAT (U=402 ; p=0.400)et au nombre moyen de cigarettes fumées par jour (U=247 ;p=0.076).Résultats :Nos résultats indiquent une plus grande sévérité de la consommation de tabac chez les détenus présentant des symptômes du TDAH. Ces observations soulignent l'importance du dépistage du TDAH et de l'adaptation des interventions pour la consommation de tabac en milieu carcéral lorsque des symptômes du TDAH sont présents

Sévérité de la consommation de tabac et symptômes anxieux et dépressifs en milieu carcéral

International audienceIntroduction : Les troubles anxieux et dépressifs sont des comorbidités fréquentes du trouble de l’usage du tabac (Himle, Thyer &Fischer, 1988 ; Breslau et al., 1911). Ces troubles impactent l’initiation, le maintien et l’arrêt du tabagisme. De plus, leur sévérité est positivement corrélée avec le niveau de dépendance (Morrell & Cohen, 2006).En milieu carcéral, la prévalence du tabagisme et des troubles anxieux et dépressifs est beaucoup plus élevée qu’en population générale (Fovet et al., 2020 ; Jacomet el al., 2016). L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier si la sévérité des symptômes anxieux et dépressifs est associée à l’intensité de la consommation de tabac chez une population incarcérée.Méthode : 91 hommes consommateurs de tabac ont été évalués à leur arrivée à la maison d’arrêt Paris-La Santé. Nombre de cigarettes consommées par jour (auto-rapportées). Nous avons évalué les variables suivantes : - Dépendance à la nicotine : Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND),- Intensité du craving : French Tobacco Craving Questionnaire(FTCQ-12),- Motivation à l'arrêt du tabac : Questionnaire de Motivation à l'Arrêt du Tabac (Q-MAT),- Symptomatologie anxieuse et dépressive actuelle : Hospital and Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS).Résultats : Les participants ont obtenu un score moyen à l’HAD-anxiété de 7,75 (σ =5,01) et à l’HAD-dépression de 4,67 (σ = 3,89). 28 individus ont dépassé le score seuil de l’HAD (score ≥ 11 : symptomatologie certaine) pour la dimension anxiété (30,77%), et 6 l’ont également dépassé pour la dimension dépression (6,59%). Nous avons observé une corrélation positive significative entre le score total obtenu à l’HAD-anxiété et le score total obtenu à la FTND (r = 0,29 ; p < 0,001) ainsi qu’avec le score total à la FTCQ (r = 0,35 ; p < 0,001). Nous avons également constaté une corrélation positive significative entre le score total obtenu à l’HAD-dépression et le score total obtenu à la FTCQ (r = 0,30 ; p = 0,004). Cependant, aucune corrélation significative n’a été trouvée entre l’HAD-dépression et le score obtenu à la FTND (r = 0,06 ; p = 0,61). Concernant le nombre de cigarette consommées par jour, aucune corrélation n’a été retrouvée avec le score obtenu à la dimension dépression (r = 0,12 ; p = 0,33) et à la dimension anxiété (r = 0,20 ; p = 0.94).Discussion : Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence l’intensité élevée dessymptômes anxieux et dépressifs à l’arrivée en incarcération. Comme nous l’attendions, des corrélations ont été constatées entre l’intensité des symptômes anxieux et la sévérité de la dépendance au tabac ainsi qu’entre l’intensité des symptômes anxieux et dépressifs et l’intensité du craving. L'importance de développer et d'évaluer des interventions spécifiquement adaptées à la population incarcérée pour favoriser le sevrage tabagique apparait donc comme un enjeu important. Cette nécessité est d’autant plus urgente en raison de la vulnérabilité particulière de cette population face aux problématiques psychiatriques et addictologiques

Theory-Based Interventions Combining Mental Simulation and Planning Techniques to Improve Physical Activity: Null Results from Two Randomized Controlled Trials.

Interventions to assist individuals in initiating and maintaining regular participation in physical activity are not always effective. Psychological and behavioral theories advocate the importance of both motivation and volition in interventions to change health behavior. Interventions adopting self-regulation strategies that foster motivational and volitional components may, therefore, have utility in promoting regular physical activity participation. We tested the efficacy of an intervention adopting motivational (mental simulation) and volitional (implementation intentions) components to promote a regular physical activity in two studies. Study 1 adopted a cluster randomized design in which participants (n = 92) were allocated to one of three conditions: mental simulation plus implementation intention, implementation intention only, or control. Study 2 adopted a 2 (mental simulation vs. no mental simulation) × 2 (implementation intention vs. no implementation intention) randomized controlled design in which fitness center attendees (n = 184) were randomly allocated one of four conditions: mental simulation only, implementation intention only, combined, or control. Physical activity behavior was measured by self-report (Study 1) or fitness center attendance (Study 2) at 4- (Studies 1 and 2) and 19- (Study 2 only) week follow-up periods. Findings revealed no statistically significant main or interactive effects of the mental simulation and implementation intention conditions on physical activity outcomes in either study. Findings are in contrast to previous research which has found pervasive effects for both intervention strategies. Findings are discussed in light of study limitations including the relatively small sample sizes, particularly for Study 1, deviations in the operationalization of the intervention components from previous research and the lack of a prompt for a goal intention. Future research should focus on ensuring uniformity in the format of the intervention components, test the effects of each component alone and in combination using standardized measures across multiple samples, and systematically explore effects of candidate moderators

Implementation intention and planning interventions in Health Psychology: Recommendations from the Synergy Expert Group for research and practice.

The current article details a position statement and recommendations for future research and practice on planning and implementation intentions in health contexts endorsed by the Synergy Expert Group. The group comprised world-leading researchers in health and social psychology and behavioural medicine who convened to discuss priority issues in planning interventions in health contexts and develop a set of recommendations for future research and practice. The expert group adopted a nominal groups approach and voting system to elicit and structure priority issues in planning interventions and implementation intentions research. Forty-two priority issues identified in initial discussions were further condensed to 18 key issues, including definitions of planning and implementation intentions and 17 priority research areas. Each issue was subjected to voting for consensus among group members and formed the basis of the position statement and recommendations. Specifically, the expert group endorsed statements and recommendations in the following areas: generic definition of planning and specific definition of implementation intentions, recommendations for better testing of mechanisms, guidance on testing the effects of moderators of planning interventions, recommendations on the social aspects of planning interventions, identification of the preconditions that moderate effectiveness of planning interventions and recommendations for research on how people use plans

Vigdis og Bergljot. Og Vera? – Ein studie av sjølvframstilling i Arv og miljø og Fri vilje.

Dette er ein studie av sjølvframstilling i røyndomslitteraturen. Oppgåva dreiar seg om korleis forfattarar gjev seg til kjenne i sin eigen tekst og kva konsekvenser dette kan føra med seg. Meir bestemt tek denne avhandlinga utgangspunkt i sjølvframstillinga til Vigdis Hjorth i romanen Arv og miljø. Problemstillinga er: Korleis kan feedback skapa og endra bilete av Vigdis Hjorth i Arv og miljø? For å svara på denne problemstillinga har eg valt å analysera Arv og miljø ut ifrå ymse lesarars perspektiv i ein gjeven tidsperiode. Både det innanfor og utanfor romanen er avgjerande for kva bilete ein kan danna seg av forfattaren. Analysen er delt inn i tre delar: I perioden før og under utgjevinga er kjennskap til forfattaren og feedback i form av bokkritikkar og liknande eit viktig grunnlag for korleis ein sidan vil tolka Arv og miljø. Feedbacken under utgjevingsperioden gav to moglege forståingar av kva Arv og miljø er eit resultat av. Den eine forståinga går i retning av å tolka romanen som Vigdis Hjorths litterære prosjekt, den andre som Vigdis Hjorths litterære metode. Desse forståingane er avgjerande for kva bilete ein dannar seg av forfattaren. I neste del, under lesnaden av Arv og miljø, dreier fokuset mot å undersøkja om bileta som feedbacken har gjeve er valide etter ei gjennomlesing. Lesnaden stadfesta biletet av Vigdis Hjorth som driv med eit litterært prosjekt, i større grad enn at ho driv med ein litterær metode. Eitt år seinare kom feedbacken Fri vilje ut. Dette er ein roman som er skriven av den eine systera til Vigdis Hjorth. Mens lesnaden av Arv og miljø stadfesta biletet av Vigdis Hjorth som ei som driv med eit litterært prosjekt, stadfestar Fri vilje den litterære metoden i Arv og miljø. Dette betyr at begge bileta som feedbacken skapa har fått kvar si litterære framstilling, noko som igjen fører til at dei er vanskelege å både avkrefta og sannkjenna. Dette er fordi bileta undergrev kvarandre: Berre eitt av dei kan stemma, men når begge også finst i kvar sine litterære framstillingar vil det alltid herska tvil om kva som er tilfellet