Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) affects predominantly preterm infants, who have specific risk factors leading to intestinal dysbiosis. Manipulations of gut microbiota through probiotics have the potential to prevent NEC. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of probiotics for NEC prevention in preterm infants, with a focus on specific strains, microbiological strength of currently available studies, and high-risk populations. PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for trials published within 4th February 2015. Randomized-controlled trials reporting on NEC and involving preterm infants who were given probiotics in the first month of life were included in the systematic review. Twenty-six studies were suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Data about study design, population, intervention and outcome were extracted and summarized independently by two observers. Study quality and quality of evidence were also evaluated. Fixed-effects models were used and random-effects models where significant heterogeneity was present. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity among studies. Results were expresses as risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI). The main outcome was incidence of NEC stage 652 according to Bell\u2019s criteria. Probiotics prevented NEC in preterm infants (RR 0.47 [95 % CI 0.36\u20130.60], p\u2009<\u20090.00001). Strain-specific sub-meta-analyses showed a significant effect for Bifidobacteria (RR 0.24 [95 % CI 0.10\u20130.54], p\u2009=\u20090.0006) and for probiotic mixtures (RR 0.39 [95 % CI 0.27\u20130.56], p\u2009<\u20090.00001). Probiotics prevented NEC in very-low-birth-weight infants (RR 0.48 [95 % CI 0.37\u20130.62], p\u2009<\u20090.00001); there were insufficient data for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. The majority of studies presented severe or moderate microbiological flaws. Probiotics had an overall preventive effect on NEC in preterm infants. However, there are still insufficient data on the specific probiotic strain to be used and on the effect of probiotics in high-risk populations such as extremely-low-birth-weight infants, before a widespread use of these products can be recommended

Probiotics and Time to Achieve Full Enteral Feeding in Human Milk-Fed and Formula-Fed Preterm Infants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Probiotics have been linked to a reduction in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants. Recently, probiotics have also proved to reduce time to achieve full enteral feeding (FEF). However, the relationship between FEF achievement and type of feeding in infants treated with probiotics has not been explored yet. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of probiotics in reducing time to achieve FEF in preterm infants, according to type of feeding (exclusive human milk (HM) vs. formula). Randomized-controlled trials involving preterm infants receiving probiotics, and reporting on time to reach FEF were included in the systematic review. Trials reporting on outcome according to type of feeding (exclusive HM vs. formula) were included in the meta-analysis. Fixed-effect or random-effects models were used as appropriate. Results were expressed as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Twenty-five studies were included in the systematic review. In the five studies recruiting exclusively HM-fed preterm infants, those treated with probiotics reached FEF approximately 3 days before controls (MD ́3.15 days (95% CI ́5.25/ ́1.05), p = 0.003). None of the two studies reporting on exclusively formula-fed infants showed any difference between infants receiving probiotics and controls in terms of FEF achievement. The limited number of included studies did not allow testing for other subgroup differences between HM and formula-fed infants. However, if confirmed in further studies, the 3-days reduction in time to achieve FEF in exclusively HM-fed preterm infants might have significant implications for their clinical management

Probiotics and Time to Achieve Full Enteral Feeding in Human Milk-Fed and Formula-Fed Preterm Infants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Probiotics have been linked to a reduction in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants. Recently, probiotics have also proved to reduce time to achieve full enteral feeding (FEF). However, the relationship between FEF achievement and type of feeding in infants treated with probiotics has not been explored yet. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of probiotics in reducing time to achieve FEF in preterm infants, according to type of feeding (exclusive human milk (HM) vs. formula). Randomized-controlled trials involving preterm infants receiving probiotics, and reporting on time to reach FEF were included in the systematic review. Trials reporting on outcome according to type of feeding (exclusive HM vs. formula) were included in the meta-analysis. Fixed-effect or random-effects models were used as appropriate. Results were expressed as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Twenty-five studies were included in the systematic review. In the five studies recruiting exclusively HM-fed preterm infants, those treated with probiotics reached FEF approximately 3 days before controls (MD -3.15 days (95% CI -5.25/-1.05), p = 0.003). None of the two studies reporting on exclusively formula-fed infants showed any difference between infants receiving probiotics and controls in terms of FEF achievement. The limited number of included studies did not allow testing for other subgroup differences between HM and formula-fed infants. However, if confirmed in further studies, the 3-days reduction in time to achieve FEF in exclusively HM-fed preterm infants might have significant implications for their clinical management

Adultos com fraturas: das implicações funcionais e cirúrgicas à educação em saúde Adultos con fracturas: de las implicaciones funcionales y quirurgicas hasta la educación para la salud Fractures in adults: from functional and surgical implications to health education

Este estudo objetivou identificar as implicações funcionais e cirúrgicas relativas a pacientes adultos com fraturas, caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico da amostra do estudo, avaliar a independência funcional das vítimas de fraturas e discutir as implicações relacionadas aos procedimentos cirúrgicos envolvidos no tratamento a esses pacientes. A pesquisa foi realizada entre novembro de 2006 e abril de 2007 com 74 pacientes internados em um hospital de São Paulo. Foram predominantes indivíduos do sexo masculino (91,9%), média de idade de 31,8 anos, brancos (51,3%), vítimas de acidentes de trabalho (51,4%). As fraturas de membros inferiores representaram 73,0% dos casos e membros superiores 13,5%. Os acidentes automobilísticos foram responsáveis por 58,1% das internações. Quanto à Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF), houve aumento nas médias dos valores no decorrer da avaliação. Por outro lado, há diminuição desses valores em casos de acidentes automobilísticos e atropelamentos e naqueles em que os membros inferiores são atingidos.<br>Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las implicaciones funcionales y quirúrgicas de adultos con fracturas, caracterizar el perfil demográfico de la muestra del estudio, evaluar la independencia funcional de las víctimas de fracturas y discutir las implicaciones relativas a los procedimientos quirúrgicos implicados en el tratamiento de estos pacientes. La encuesta fue realizada entre noviembre de 2006 y abril de 2007 con 74 pacientes ingresados en un hospital de Sao Paulo. Varones fueron predominantes (91,9%), edad promedio 31,8 años, blancos (51,3%), víctimas de accidentes (51,4%). Las fracturas de extremidades inferiores representaron el 73,0% de los casos y de extremidades superiores 13,5%. Los accidentes fueron responsables por 58,1% de los ingresos. Cuanto a la Medida de Independencia Funcional (MIF), hubo un aumento en los valores medios durante la evaluación. Por otra parte, hay una disminución de estos valores en casos de accidentes, atropellamientos y en aquellos cuyos miembros inferiores son lesionados.<br>This study aimed to identify the functional and surgical implications for adult patients with fractures, characterizing the demographic profile of the study sample, to assess the functional independence of victims of fractures and discuss the implications related to surgical procedures involved in treating these patients. The survey was conducted between November 2006 and April 2007 with 74 patients admitted to a hospital in Sao Paulo. Male subjects were predominant (91.9%), mean age 31.8 years, whites (51.3%), victims of accidents (51.4%). Fractures of lower limbs accounted for 73.0% of cases and upper limbs 13.5%. The accidents were responsible for 58.1% of admissions. Regarding Functional Independence Measure (FIM), there was an increase in mean values of FIM during the evaluation. Moreover, there is a decrease of these values in cases of accidents and pedestrian accidents and in those whose limbs are affected

Enteral Nutrition Tolerance And REspiratory Support (ENTARES) Study in preterm infants: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and feeding intolerance are common conditions in preterm infants and among the major causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity. For many years, preterm infants with RDS have been treated with mechanical ventilation, increasing risks of acute lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In recent years non-invasive ventilation techniques have been developed. Showing similar efficacy and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC) have become the most widespread techniques in neonatal intensive care units. However, their impact on nutrition, particularly on feeding tolerance and risk of complications, is still unknown in preterm infants. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of NCPAP vs HHHFNC on enteral feeding and to identify the most suitable technique for preterm infants with RDS. Methods: A multicenter randomized single-blind controlled trial was designed. All preterm infants with a gestational age of 25-29 weeks treated with NCPAP or HHHFNC for RDS and demonstrating stability for at least 48 h along with the compliance with inclusion criteria (age less than 7 days, need for non-invasive respiratory support, suitability to start enteral feeding) will be enrolled in the study and randomized to the NCPAP or HHHFNC arm. All patients will be monitored until discharge, and data will be analyzed according to an intention-to-treat model. The primary outcome is the time to reach full enteral feeding, while parameters of respiratory support, feeding tolerance, and overall health status will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. The sample size was calculated at 141 patients per arm. Discussion: The identification of the most suitable technique (NCPAP vs HHHFNC) for preterm infants with feeding intolerance could reduce gastrointestinal complications, improve growth, and reduce hospital length of stay, thus improving clinical outcomes and reducing health costs. The evaluation of the timing of oral feeding could be useful in understanding the influence that these techniques could have on the development of sucking-swallow coordination. Moreover, the evaluation of the response to NCPAP and HHHFNC could clarify their efficacy as a treatment for RDS in extremely preterm infants. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03548324. Registered on 7 June 2018