Acontecimentos do acontecimento na Comunicação : a perspectiva da Semiótica Crítica, da semiose à contra-efetuação

This article presents part of the path traced by the research Critical Semiotics: Communication as Event. As an entry point to the work, we will present here the central hypothesis and our objectives; namely, the perception that the concept of event, despite its importance, is dispersed in the area of Communication, and fluctuates between empiricist, functionalist and/or phenomenological understandings. Speculating another possible life to the concept, with another potentiality to communicational research, we started to investigate the pragmatic dimensions of the event, between Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics, and Gilles Deleuze's philosophy. By thinking of the event in its effects, with its inseparable effectuation and counter-effectuation, it opens space for a thought of Communication that does not reify its objects or experience but focuses on understanding the translations involved therein.Este artigo apresenta parte do percurso traçado pela pesquisa Semiótica Crítica: a Comunicação como acontecimento. Como ponto de entrada ao trabalho, apresentaremos aqui a hipótese central e nossos objetivos; a saber, a percepção de que o conceito de acontecimento, a despeito de sua importância, tem dispersão na área da Comunicação, e flutua entre compreensões empiristas, funcionalistas e/ou fenomenológicas. Entrevendo outra vida possível ao conceito, com outra potencialidade à pesquisa comunicacional, passamos a investigar as dimensões pragmaticistas do acontecer, entre a semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce e a filosofia de Gilles Deleuze. Ao pensar o acontecimento nos seus efeitos, com sua efetuação e contra-efetuação inseparáveis, abre-se espaço a um pensamento da Comunicação que não reifique seus objetos ou a experiência, focando em compreender as traduções aí envolvidas

Notas para As configurações da comunicação: semiótica crítica e política

This article presents the ground for the project The Configurations of Communication, a work idealized by Alexandre Rocha da Silva and collectively developed by GPESC’s members. In Critical Semiotics, communication is considered inseparably from the three phaneroscopic categories that configure it ad hoc (firstness, secondness and thirdness), but also from the three metaphysical categories that configure the process of knowledge and life. In the first section, we see how chance distributes qualities in aesthetic operations that iconically configure the sensible; in the second section, we take on existence and encounters in light of communicational ethics; in the third section, we think of mediation as foundation for fixation of beliefs and change of habits. One last section formulates the terms of a synechistic communication concept as a continuity between three distinct communicational horizons. The aim is, therefore, to politically problematize communication by conceiving it through the ethical updating of aesthetic potentials.O artigo apresenta premissas para o projeto As configurações da comunicação, idealizado por Alexandre Rocha da Silva e desenvolvido coletivamente por integrantes do GPESC. A comunicação é pensada desde a Semiótica Crítica como indissociável das três ordens faneroscópicas que a configuram ad hoc (primeiridade, secundidade e terceiridade), mas também das três ordens metafísicas que configuram o processo do conhecimento e da vida. Na primeira seção, vemos como o acaso distribui qualidades em operações estéticas que configuram iconicamente o sensível; na segunda, pensamos a existência e o encontro à luz de uma ética comunicacional; na terceira, a mediação como fundamento para a fixação da crença e a mudança de hábitos. Uma última seção formula os termos de um conceito de comunicação sinequista como uma continuidade entre os três distintos horizontes comunicacionais. Procura-se, com isso, problematizar politicamente a comunicação ao concebê-la pela atualização ética de potenciais estéticos

Notas para As configurações da comunicação: semiótica crítica e política

This article presents the ground for the project The Configurations of Communication, a work idealized by Alexandre Rocha da Silva and collectively developed by GPESC’s members. In Critical Semiotics, communication is considered inseparably from the three phaneroscopic categories that configure it ad hoc (firstness, secondness and thirdness), but also from the three metaphysical categories that configure the process of knowledge and life. In the first section, we see how chance distributes qualities in aesthetic operations that iconically configure the sensible; in the second section, we take on existence and encounters in light of communicational ethics; in the third section, we think of mediation as foundation for fixation of beliefs and change of habits. One last section formulates the terms of a synechistic communication concept as a continuity between three distinct communicational horizons. The aim is, therefore, to politically problematize communication by conceiving it through the ethical updating of aesthetic potentials.O artigo apresenta premissas para o projeto As configurações da comunicação, idealizado por Alexandre Rocha da Silva e desenvolvido coletivamente por integrantes do GPESC. A comunicação é pensada desde a Semiótica Crítica como indissociável das três ordens faneroscópicas que a configuram ad hoc (primeiridade, secundidade e terceiridade), mas também das três ordens metafísicas que configuram o processo do conhecimento e da vida. Na primeira seção, vemos como o acaso distribui qualidades em operações estéticas que configuram iconicamente o sensível; na segunda, pensamos a existência e o encontro à luz de uma ética comunicacional; na terceira, a mediação como fundamento para a fixação da crença e a mudança de hábitos. Uma última seção formula os termos de um conceito de comunicação sinequista como uma continuidade entre os três distintos horizontes comunicacionais. Procura-se, com isso, problematizar politicamente a comunicação ao concebê-la pela atualização ética de potenciais estéticos

Acontecimentos do acontecimento na Comunicação : a perspectiva da Semiótica Crítica, da semiose à contra-efetuação

This article presents part of the path traced by the research Critical Semiotics: Communication as Event. As an entry point to the work, we will present here the central hypothesis and our objectives; namely, the perception that the concept of event, despite its importance, is dispersed in the area of Communication, and fluctuates between empiricist, functionalist and/or phenomenological understandings. Speculating another possible life to the concept, with another potentiality to communicational research, we started to investigate the pragmatic dimensions of the event, between Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics, and Gilles Deleuze's philosophy. By thinking of the event in its effects, with its inseparable effectuation and counter-effectuation, it opens space for a thought of Communication that does not reify its objects or experience but focuses on understanding the translations involved therein.Este artigo apresenta parte do percurso traçado pela pesquisa Semiótica Crítica: a Comunicação como acontecimento. Como ponto de entrada ao trabalho, apresentaremos aqui a hipótese central e nossos objetivos; a saber, a percepção de que o conceito de acontecimento, a despeito de sua importância, tem dispersão na área da Comunicação, e flutua entre compreensões empiristas, funcionalistas e/ou fenomenológicas. Entrevendo outra vida possível ao conceito, com outra potencialidade à pesquisa comunicacional, passamos a investigar as dimensões pragmaticistas do acontecer, entre a semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce e a filosofia de Gilles Deleuze. Ao pensar o acontecimento nos seus efeitos, com sua efetuação e contra-efetuação inseparáveis, abre-se espaço a um pensamento da Comunicação que não reifique seus objetos ou a experiência, focando em compreender as traduções aí envolvidas

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field