Education and earnings in a transition economy (Vietnam)

The transition from a centrally planned to a market economy is likely to have a strong impact on the labor market, on relative earnings, and on returns to education. Major economic reforms in Vietnam since 1986 (the policy known as"Doi Moi") have included a number of measures to liberalize the labor market. It is too soon to assess the full impact of these reforms, but the authors analyze the returns to education, on the basis of earnings in 1992-93 (collected in the first Vietnam Living Standards Survey). This represents one of the first country-wide analyses of the monetary benefits of schooling in Vietnam at a time when the labor market was in transition. On average, the estimated rates of returns are still relatively low, which is to be expected, since salary reforms were not introduced until 1993. Average private rates of return to primary education (13 percent) and university education (11 percent) are higher than those to secondary and vocational education (only 4 to 5 percent). Returns to higher education are slightly higher for women (12 percent) than for men (10 percent). Evidence from other transition economies suggests that returns are likely to increase as reforms in the labor market take full effect. The results support this hypothesis: Returns for younger Vietnamese workers (14 percent) are considerably higher than for older workers (only 4 percent). Implications for policymaking: 1) it is important to monitor future earnings and trends in the labor market, as updates of this analysis could provide more robust estimates of the transition's effects on earnings and returns to education. 2) At a time when the Vietnamese government is reassessing its pricing policy, the fact that private rates of return to higher education are relatively high suggests the potential for greater cost recovery. 3) Efforts to improve efficiency in secondary and higher education could increase the rate of return by lowering costs.Teaching and Learning,Decentralization,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Curriculum&Instruction,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Curriculum&Instruction,Gender and Education,Primary Education,Teaching and Learning

Compositions and Methods Useful for Treating Circulatory and Hypovolemic Shock

Polypeptides, compositions, and methods for treating shock are described. A isolated polypeptide, Deltorphin-E, can be administered without concomitant fluid resuscitation, before, concurrently with, or after the onset of shock or the occurrence of an event that creates a risk of shock. Deltorphin-E can be administered in accordance with the method as part of a preconditioning strategy, which reduces the extent of ischemic injury. Deltorphin-E can be used in preparation for planned ischemia or in a prophylactic manner in anticipation of further ischemic events

“We are antidepressant also”: aspirin and diclofenac sodium

Background: Many studies have indicated that inflammation and depression are associated with each other. Present study was taken up to prove antidepressant effect of aspirin and diclofenac sodium.Methods: The present study was divided into 6 phases with 5 groups of animals N=10. In study 1, C57Bl mice were used and in remaining 4 studies swiss albino mice. Amitriptyline was standard drug used. For each study first group of animals was treated with a saline solution 1ml P.O., and second group of animals injected with 0.1 ml of 2% formalin. In group 3, 4, 5 animals depression was produced by stressors and treated with aspirin 14mg/kg P.O., diclofenac sod. 10 mg/kg P.O. and amitriptyline 10 mg/kg P.O., respectively. Antidepressant activity of aspirin and diclofenac sodium was determined by using forced swim test, tail suspension test, elevated plus maze test and light dark box test. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α) and central neurotransmitters (5-HT, NE, Ach) were estimated.Results: In light dark box test, latency of first crossing, time spent in dark area were decreased and no. of crossing increased significantly in the aspirin, diclofenac sod. treated animals. In forced swim test, the immobility time was decreased. Swiss albino mice treated with aspirin, diclofenac sod. showed decreased concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α and increased concentration of serotonin, nor epinephrine and acetylcholine. In elevated plus maze test, no. of open arm, closed arm entries, time spent in open arm increased and time spent in closed arm decreased. In tail suspension test immobility time was decreased.Conclusions: Aspirin and diclofenac sodium has antidepressant activity

A critical review on Chardighna Eladi Churna

Eladi Churna is a poly herbal formulation which has wide variety of applications. Most of the pharmaceutical companies are manufacturing with respect to Varnya aspect, while the Chardighna Eladi Churna is sparely available in the market. In the rise of gastro-intestinal issues in the society, a potent formulation like Eladi Churna is expected by the common people to ward off their GIT ailments. There are total 11 Eladi Churna mentioned in Bharatha Bhaishajya Ratnakara. Different Granthas have varied ingredients in this formulation, and their therapeutic efficacies also differ depending upon condition of the patient and disease. Some Yogas even have mineral composition. Chardi is a Vata Pradhana Tridosha Vyadhi in which there will be an act of expulsion of gastric contents through the oral cavity. So, the drugs having properties of Pritvi and Ap Mahabhoota and Karmas like Stambhana, Ama Pachana, Deepana are needed to pacify the Chardi. An attempt is made here to give new insights on the synergic action of phytochemicals in Eladi Churna to revalidate the clinical evidences in the aspect of Chardi

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT IN THREATENED ABORTION AND FOETAL ANOMALY – A CASE REPORT

Congenital anomalies amount to 50% of causative factor to first trimester abortions. Ayurvedic Ante Natal Care is highly effective in maintaining a healthy pregnancy and delivering a healthy progeny. A 28 year old female with bleeding per vaginum which started at 5 weeks of pregnancy, was advised for Medical Termination of Pregnancy. But she wanted to try Ayurvedic management and was treated with Ayurvedic medicines. The bleeding stopped in 11 days and fetal pole was visualized. She had occasional spotting in between and was detected with long bone growth lower than the normal limit in her anomaly scan at 20 weeks of gestation. She was advised termination owing to the risk of fetal anomalies but she was unwilling and wanted to continue Ayurvedic treatment. She was explained regarding all the possible consequences of continuing the pregnancy and with the consent of the patient and her family Ayurvedic treatment was continued. She delivered a healthy male baby of birth weight 2.57kg through Lower Segment Caesarean Section at term with an APGAR score of 9 at 1 minute. The baby had no gross or obvious anomalies at birth. The present case demonstrates the effectiveness of Ayurvedic Ante Natal Care in positive prognosis of threatened abortion

Bound states in a quasi-two-dimensional Fermi gas

We consider the problem of N identical fermions of mass M and one distinguishable particle of mass m interacting via short-range interactions in a confined quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) geometry. For N=2 and mass ratios M/m<13.6, we find non-Efimov trimers that smoothly evolve from 2D to 3D. In the limit of strong 2D confinement, we show that the energy of the N+1 system can be approximated by an effective two-channel model. We use this approximation to solve the 3+1 problem and we find that a bound tetramer can exist for mass ratios M/m as low as 5 for strong confinement, thus providing the first example of a universal, non-Efimov tetramer involving three identical fermions.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Anti-DNA autoantibodies initiate experimental lupus nephritis by binding directly to the glomerular basement membrane in mice

The strongest serological correlate for lupus nephritis is antibody to double-stranded DNA, although the mechanism by which anti-DNA antibodies initiate lupus nephritis is unresolved. Most recent reports indicate that anti-DNA must bind chromatin in the glomerular basement membrane or mesangial matrix to form glomerular deposits. Here we determined whether direct binding of anti-DNA antibody to glomerular basement membrane is critical to initiate glomerular binding of anti-DNA in experimental lupus nephritis. Mice were co-injected with IgG monoclonal antibodies or hybridomas with similar specificity for DNA and chromatin but different IgG subclass and different relative affinity for basement membrane. Only anti-DNA antibodies that bound basement membrane bound to glomeruli, activated complement, and induced proteinuria whether injected alone or co-injected with a non-basement-membrane–binding anti-DNA antibody. Basement membrane–binding anti-DNA antibodies co-localized with heparan sulfate proteoglycan in glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix but not with chromatin. Thus, direct binding of anti-DNA antibody to antigens in the glomerular basement membrane or mesangial matrix may be critical to initiate glomerular inflammation. This may accelerate and exacerbate glomerular immune complex formation in human and murine lupus nephritis

Knowledge of mothers regarding child abuse in the selected rural and urban areas in Sivagangai district, Tamilnadu

Knowledge of mothers regarding child abuse in the selected rural and urban areas in Sivagangai district, Tamilnadu OBJECTIVES: To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding child abuse among urban mothers. To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding child abuse among rural mothers. To find out the difference between urban and rural mothers knowledge regarding child abuse. To find out the association between the knowledge of urban mothers regarding child abuse and their demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children’s in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. To find out the association between the knowledge of rural mothers regarding child abuse and their demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children’s in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. HYPOTHESES: There will be a significant difference in knowledge regarding child abuse between urban and rural mothers. There will be a significant association between the knowledge of urban mothers regarding child abuse and demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children’s in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. There will be a significant association between the knowledge of rural mothers regarding child abuse and demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children’s in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. ASSUMPTIONS: Urban mothers will have more awareness regarding child abuse than rural mothers. Mothers who have adequate knowledge can prevent child abuse. Selected demographic Variable may influence the mothers knowledge about child abuse. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Knowledge In this study, it refers to mother’s understanding and awareness about the child abuse that is acquired through friends, education, mass media and personal experience. Mother In this study, it refers to those who are having children in the age group between 3 to 12 years. Child Abuse In this study, it refers to maltreatment of children physically, emotionally and sexually by the parents, guardians, other care taker, neighbours or strangers. Urban Area In this study, urban area refers to those who are living in or situated houses in town or city. Rural Area In this study, rural area refers to those who are living in or situated houses in a pastoral or agricultural area. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited to mothers those who are having children between the age group of 3 to 12 years. The sample of the study was limited to hundred. The study period was limited to six weeks. The Setting of the study was limited to Manamadruai and Kalpiravu. PROJECTED OUTCOMES: This Study helps to assess the awareness of mothers regarding child abuse. This Study findings helpful in preventing child abuse in Selected area. This Study finding would help to identify the area that need for further teaching. It shows the difference in knowledge of child abuse between urban and rural mother

Regulation of expression of two LY-6 family genes by intron retention and transcription induced chimerism.

RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.BACKGROUND: Regulation of the expression of particular genes can rely on mechanisms that are different from classical transcriptional and translational control. The LY6G5B and LY6G6D genes encode LY-6 domain proteins, whose expression seems to be regulated in an original fashion, consisting of an intron retention event which generates, through an early premature stop codon, a non-coding transcript, preventing expression in most cell lines and tissues. RESULTS: The MHC LY-6 non-coding transcripts have shown to be stable and very abundant in the cell, and not subject to Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD). This retention event appears not to be solely dependent on intron features, because in the case of LY6G5B, when the intron is inserted in the artificial context of a luciferase expression plasmid, it is fully spliced but strongly stabilises the resulting luciferase transcript. In addition, by quantitative PCR we found that the retained and spliced forms are differentially expressed in tissues indicating an active regulation of the non-coding transcript. EST database analysis revealed that these genes have an alternative expression pathway with the formation of Transcription Induced Chimeras (TIC). This data was confirmed by RT-PCR, revealing the presence of different transcripts that would encode the chimeric proteins CSNKbeta-LY6G5B and G6F-LY6G6D, in which the LY-6 domain would join to a kinase domain and an Ig-like domain, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the LY6G5B and LY6G6D intron-retained transcripts are not subjected to NMD and are more abundant than the properly spliced forms. In addition, these genes form chimeric transcripts with their neighbouring same orientation 5' genes. Of interest is the fact that the 5' genes (CSNKbeta or G6F) undergo differential splicing only in the context of the chimera (CSNKbeta-LY6G5B or G6F-LY6G6C) and not on their own

Efficacy of IGFBP7 for treatment of metastatic melanoma and other cancers in mouse models and human cell lines

We recently identified the secreted protein IGFBP7 as a factor required for an activated BRAF oncogene to induce senescence or apoptosis in primary human cells. In human melanomas containing an activating BRAF mutation (BRAF-positive melanomas), IGFBP7 is epigenetically silenced, which seems to be a critical step in melanoma genesis. Restoration of IGFBP7 function by the addition of recombinant IGFBP7 (rIGFBP7) induces apoptosis in BRAF-positive human melanoma cell lines, and systemically administered rIGFBP7 markedly suppresses the growth of BRAF-positive primary tumors in xenografted mice. Here we further evaluate the role of IGFBP7 in the treatment of BRAF-positive melanoma and other malignancies. We find that in human metastatic melanoma samples IGFBP7 is epigenetically silenced and at an even higher frequency than that found in primary melanomas. Using a murine experimental metastasis assay, we show that systemic administration of rIGFBP7 markedly suppresses the growth of metastatic disease and prolongs survival. An analysis of the NCI60 panel of human cancer cell lines reveals that in addition to melanoma, IGFBP7 induces apoptosis in several other cancer types, in particular colorectal cancer cell lines. In general, IGFBP7 induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines that have an activating mutation in BRAF or RAS, and that are sensitive to chemical inhibition of BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling. Significantly, systemically administered rIGFBP7 blocks the growth of colorectal tumors containing an activating RAS or BRAF mutation in mouse xenografts. The results presented here, in conjunction with those from previous studies, justify the further development of IGFBP7 as an anticancer agent