The Wilāyat al-Faqih After the Revolution. The Vali-ye Faqih in the Constitution and Nezām of the Islamic Republic of Iran

El presente ensayo trata la doctrina teológico-jurídica de la wilāyat al-faqih (en árabe, velāyat-e faqih en persa), expresión que puede traducirse con ‘tutela del jurisperito islámico’ –y, en la rendición de la doctrina por parte del gran ayatola Jomeiní, hasta con ‘gobierno del jurisperito islámico’– y su desarrollo e institucionalización en la República islámica de Irán (R.I. de Irán) después de la Revolución de 1979. En este marco, el ensayo analiza la función del vali-ye faqih, el jurisperito islámico encargado del gobierno de la R.I. de Irán, en la Constitución y el ordenamiento (nezām) del país. El término vali-ye faiqh, por su reiterado uso y prestigio, tiende a alternarse con sinónimos como rahbar, rahbar-e enqelāb, maqām-e rahbari o maqām-e mo’azzam-e rahbari.This essay deals with the theological-juridical doctrine of the Arabic wilāyat al-faqih (velāyat-e faqih in Persian), an expression that can be translated as ‘tutelage of the Islamic jurisprudent’ - and, in the forwarding of doctrine by the Great Ayatollah Khomeini, even with ‘government of the Islamic jurisprudent’ - and its development and institutionalization in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IR of Iran) after the 1979 Revolution. In this framework, the essay analyzes the function of the vali-e faqih (the Islamic jurist in charge of the government of the RI of Iran), vis-a-vis the Constitution and the order (nezām) of the country. The term vali-ye faiqh, due to its repeated use and prestige, tends to alternate with synonyms like rahbar, rahbar-e enqelāb, maqām-e rahbari or maqām-e mo’azzam-e rahbari

How future surgery will benefit from SARS-COV-2-related measures: a SPIGC survey conveying the perspective of Italian surgeons

COVID-19 negatively affected surgical activity, but the potential benefits resulting from adopted measures remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in surgical activity and potential benefit from COVID-19 measures in perspective of Italian surgeons on behalf of SPIGC. A nationwide online survey on surgical practice before, during, and after COVID-19 pandemic was conducted in March-April 2022 (NCT:05323851). Effects of COVID-19 hospital-related measures on surgical patients' management and personal professional development across surgical specialties were explored. Data on demographics, pre-operative/peri-operative/post-operative management, and professional development were collected. Outcomes were matched with the corresponding volume. Four hundred and seventy-three respondents were included in final analysis across 14 surgical specialties. Since SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, application of telematic consultations (4.1% vs. 21.6%; p < 0.0001) and diagnostic evaluations (16.4% vs. 42.2%; p < 0.0001) increased. Elective surgical activities significantly reduced and surgeons opted more frequently for conservative management with a possible indication for elective (26.3% vs. 35.7%; p < 0.0001) or urgent (20.4% vs. 38.5%; p < 0.0001) surgery. All new COVID-related measures are perceived to be maintained in the future. Surgeons' personal education online increased from 12.6% (pre-COVID) to 86.6% (post-COVID; p < 0.0001). Online educational activities are considered a beneficial effect from COVID pandemic (56.4%). COVID-19 had a great impact on surgical specialties, with significant reduction of operation volume. However, some forced changes turned out to be benefits. Isolation measures pushed the use of telemedicine and telemetric devices for outpatient practice and favored communication for educational purposes and surgeon-patient/family communication. From the Italian surgeons' perspective, COVID-related measures will continue to influence future surgical clinical practice

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

La wilāyat al-faqih después de la Revolución. El vali-ye faqih en la Constitución y el nezām de la República islámica de Irán

El presente ensayo trata la doctrina teológico-jurídica de la wilāyat al-faqih (en árabe, velāyat-e faqih en persa), expresión que puede traducirse con ‘tutela del jurisperito islámico’ –y, en la rendición de la doctrina por parte del gran ayatola Jomeiní, hasta con ‘gobierno del jurisperito islámico’– y su desarrollo e institucionalización en la República islámica de Irán (R.I. de Irán) después de la Revolución de 1979. En este marco, el ensayo analiza la función del vali-ye faqih, el jurisperito islámico encargado del gobierno de la R.I. de Irán, en la Constitución y el ordenamiento (nezām) del país. El término vali-ye faiqh, por su reiterado uso y prestigio, tiende a alternarse con sinónimos como rahbar, rahbar-e enqelāb, maqām-e rahbari o maqām-e mo’azzam-e rahbari

A Short Overview on the Hydrogen Production Via Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) of Cellulose, C6-C5 Sugars and Polyols

The use of lignocellulosic biomasses for the production of renewable hydrogen is surely among the hot-topic research tasks. In this review, we report on the recent advances in the catalytic conversion of cellulose and its derived C6-C5 sugars (glucose, fructose, and xylose) and polyols (sorbitol and xylitol) into hydrogen via aqueous phase reforming (APR) reactions. The APR processes are considered to be new sustainable catalytic routes for converting the carbohydrate fraction of biomasses into hydrogen at milder reaction conditions if compared with the traditional reforming reactions. Particular emphasis is given to the development of new and active catalysts and to the optimization of reaction conditions that aimed to maximize hydrogen production with a low concentration of CO avoiding, at the same time, the formation of alkanes

Influence of αs1-casein genetic polymorphism on lipidic and aromatic fractions in Cilentana goat

In order to evaluate the influence of αs1-casein genetic polymorphism on fatty acid, triacylglycerol and aromatic composition in Cilentana goat milk, 166 individual caprine milk samples from two farms were analysed by using of immuno- electrophoretic and gas-chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry analysis. More frequencies of “strong” alleles, αs1-CN A, B and H (0,42-0,35 and 0,04, respectively) were found than “weak” alleles, αs1-CN F and D (0,16 and 0,02, respectively). Comparing the triacylglycerol composition from goat’s milk containing “strong” and “weak” alleles, a higher content of C34, C44 and C46 occurred in the former, whereas a higher content of C50 e C52 in the latter. The different fat acidic composition was due to a more amount of short chain fatty acids, ϖ3, satured fatty acids, satured/unsatured more ratio in milk contained “strong” alleles than in “weak”. Finally, a more level of free fatty acids C4, C6 and C8, not significantly related to αs1-CN genotype, occurred in milk contained “weak” alleles