El asociativismo en las empresas de diseño de indumentaria de autor en Argentina

El asociativismo como alternativa de sustentabilidad económica en las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de diseño de indumentaria de autor. Las ventajas de trabajar de manera conjunta se traducen en la  representación institucional, la capacidad de negociación, mejorar la comercialización, aumentar la difusión y comunicación, compartir personal calificado, incorporar tecnología que es inaccesible a nivel individual, intercambiar experiencia y saberes entre colegas, tener mayor objetividad al momento de identificar problemas y sus posibles soluciones, acceder a capacitaciones, mejorar las oportunidades y tener mejor acceso a líneas de financiamiento.The article approaches the associativism as an economic sustainability optionin the micro, small and medium enterprises in clothing author design. The advantages ofworking together translate into institutional representation, negotiation skills, improvemarketing strategies, increase communication, share skilled personnel, incorporate technology that is inaccessible to the individual level, to exchange experience and knowledgewith colleagues, have greater objectivity in identifying problems and possible solutions,access training, improve opportunities and better access to credit lines.O associativismo como alternativa de sustentabilidade econômica nas micro,pequenas e medianas empresas de design de indumentária de autor. As vantagens de trabalhar conjuntamente se traduzem na representação institucional, a capacidade de negociação, melhorar a comercialização, aumentar a difusão e comunicação, compartilharpessoal qualificado, incorporar tecnologia que é inaccessível a nível individual, intercambiar experiências e saberes entre colegas, ter mais objetividade no momento de identificarproblemas e suas possíveis soluções, aceder a capacitações, melhorar as oportunidades eter melhor acesso a linhas de financiamento

La propiedad intelectual y el diseño de indumentaria de autor

There exist in our country more of a hundred of clothing designers whose products are quite different from those imposed by global trends. These independent designers,are small entrepreneurs who nourish their creativity and originality with the diverse and widelocal culture. This sector undergoes the constant threat of the copy: retailers, foreign brands,foreing designers, among others, observe their proposals eager for new inspirations demandedby consumers. The copy usually collaborates in the legitimización of the creators and innovators. Nevertheless, for these designers, who count on very small structures of little capital workand to invest in diffusion and positioning, the copy can become a weapon of double edge ableto destroy all dreams. In this industry a legislation does not exist to protect the creations. Theessay analyzes the copy in the fashion industry and the necessity of a copyright legislation fororiginal clothing designsEn nuestro país existen más de un centenar de diseñadores de indumentaria que sediferencian con sus productos de aquellos impuestos por las tendencias globales. Estos diseñadores independientes, son pequeños emprendedores que nutren su creatividad y originalidad de lacultura local, diversa y extensa.Este sector sufre la constante amenaza de la copia: retailers, marcas, diseñadores extranjeros, entre otros, observan sus propuestas ávidos de nuevas inspiraciones demandadas por los consumidores. La copia suele colaborar en la legitimización de los creadores e innovadores. Sin embargo,para estos diseñadores, que cuentan con estructuras de trabajo muy pequeñas y poco capital parainvertir en difusión y posicionamiento, la copia puede convertirse en un arma de doble filo capazde llegar a destruir todos sus sueños.En esta industria no existe una legislación para proteger las creaciones. El ensayo analiza la copiaen la industria de la moda y la necesidad de derechos de propiedad intelectual para las prendasoriginales de indumentaria.Em nosso país existem muitos desenhadores de indumentária que se diferenciamcom seus produtos de aqueles impostos pelas tendências globais. Estes desenhadores independiêntes, são pequenos emprendedores que nutrem sua criatividade e originalidade da culturalocal, diversa e extensa.Este setor sofre a constante ameaça da cópia: retailers, marcas, desehadores extrangeiros, entreoutros, observam suas propostas ávidos de novas inspirações demandadas pelos consumidores.A cópia colabora na legitimação dos criadores e inovadores. Mas para estes desenhadores, quecontam com estruturas de trabalho muito pequenas e pouco capital para inverter em difusãoe posicionamento, a cópia pode se converter numa arma perigosa capaz de chegar a destruirtodos seus sonhos.Nesta indústria não existe uma legislação que proteja as criações. O ensaio analisa a cópia naindústria da moda e a necessidade de direitos de propriedade intelectual para as prendas originais de indumentaria

Cu_{2}O as nonmagnetic semiconductor for spin transport in crystalline oxide electronics

We probe spin transport in Cu_{2}O by measuring spin valve effect in La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3}/Cu_{2}O/Co and La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3}/Cu_{2}O/La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3} epitaxial heterostructures. In La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3}/Cu_{2}O/Co systems we find that a fraction of out-of-equilibrium spin polarized carrier actually travel across the Cu_{2}O layer up to distances of almost 100 nm at low temperature. The corresponding spin diffusion length dspin is estimated around 40 nm. Furthermore, we find that the insertion of a SrTiO_{3} tunneling barrier does not improve spin injection, likely due to the matching of resistances at the interfaces. Our result on dspin may be likely improved, both in terms of Cu_{2}O crystalline quality and sub-micrometric morphology and in terms of device geometry, indicating that Cu_{2}O is a potential material for efficient spin transport in devices based on crystalline oxides.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figure

Program Flow Analysis for Reducing and Estimating the Cost of Test Coverage Criteria

Testing a software system consists of executing it over a suitable sample of input data and then checking if the output produced matches what was expected. Testing is widely used to enhance software quality, and, specifically, to uncover bugs that are inevitably introduced during the software development process. One of the most difficult problems in testing is knowing when to stop the testing process. On the one hand, it is not possible in general to give an answer to whether a test suite guarantees the absence of faults. On the other hand, we need a way to limit the cost of testing. Therefore, it is useful to have criteria to determine when a program has been tested enough. Ideally, the testing process should be planned in advance. However, in practice the tests are incorporated little by little, until some adequacy criterion is satisfied. In particular, different coverages can be used to determine when the program has been tested enough. The idea is to guarantee that each statement, decision or other feature of the program has been executed at least once under some test. A major problem is that testing takes a considerable amount of the time and resources spent on producing software [?]. Therefore, it would be useful to have ways 1. to reduce the cost of testing, and 2. to estimate this cost. In particular, the number of tests to be executed impacts heavily on the cost of testing. In fact, the time and resources needed for testing increase as the number of test cases increases. Hence, to reduce the cost of testing, the number of test cases generated to satisfy a selected test criterion should be as small as possible. Moreover, a bound on the number of tests that have to be performed to satisfy a selected test strategy can be used by managers and testers to estimate the effort needed to carry out the tests.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Teleology and Its Limits in Aristotle and Kant

Aristotle was a realist about natural teleology, Kant an anti-realist. My dissertation explains why each accorded it the epistemic and ontological status that he did. I articulate and defend novel conceptions of the problems they were addressing and their solutions to them. Aristotle’s natural teleology constitutes an essential part of his solution to a larger problem: how is motion or change possible? Motion had been thought by some to be unlimited and, therefore, unknowable. If there is to be a science of natural motion, then, motion must have limits. The telos was one such limit. Aristotle often glosses telos with limit, and this association is consistent with prior usage. It was, in fact, one of the three standardly recognized limits, together with beginning and middle—archē and meson. All three figure in Aristotle’s account of natural motion. The archē is the efficient cause, and the meson is that by which the archē brings about some telos. So understood, the telos has a natural relation to the possibility of motion: it serves as a limit in virtue of which motion is intelligible. Kant’s teleology is intimately related to disputes about universals and our empirical classifications of things. Central to my account is the category of community. Our discursive intellects require that we approach nature as if it were ordered into a system of genera and species. In such a system, the species are parts of the genus and stand together in community under it, thereby constituting a whole. Similarly, an organism or natural end possesses the form of a system and its parts stand together in community under a common or communal ground. They too constitute a whole. But as with nature’s kinds, we can only approach an organism as if its parts formed a real whole: their communal ground is simple and so not to be met with in space. They possess, in other words, a noumenal ground. Consequently, organisms can be explained neither teleologically nor mechanistically, and teleology itself can never be accorded genuinely scientific status. Natural ends can be understood only on analogy with ourselves

Grundlagen der Prozessgestaltung für das Fügen durch Weiten mit Innenhochdruck

Im Rahmen der schwerpunktmäßigen Weiterentwicklung der Fahrzeugtechnologie wird zurzeit auf die Optimierung der Antriebstechnik und die Verringerung des Fahrzeuggewichts fokussiert. Das Ziel dieser Weiterentwicklung ist neben der Reduktion des Flottenverbrauchs eine Reduktion des CO2-Ausstoßes von 185 g (1995) auf unter 120 g pro gefahrenen Kilometer bis zum Jahr 2012. Dabei ist eine erfolgreiche Vorgehensweise zur Reduktion des Fahrzeuggewichtes die Umsetzung von Leichtbaustrategien, wie beispielsweise die des Werkstoffleichtbaus durch Verwendung von Aluminium. Der Trend in der industriellen Fertigung zu individualisierten Produkten bestimmt die Forderung nach Fertigungsverfahren, die für einen Einsatz in der Kleinserienfertigung geeignet sind. Individualisierte Produkte generieren den Bedarf nach flexiblen, kleinserientauglichen Prozessketten, die in der Lage sind, hohe Produktqualitäten prozesssicher zu fertigen. Hier gilt es, die Fertigung von Einzelbauteilen und das Fügen zu Baugruppen, die aus Leichtbauwerkstoffen gefertigt worden sind, prozesssicher zu ermöglichen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, für das Fügen durch Weiten – am Beispiel des gesenkfreien, wirkmedienbasierten Innenhochdruckfügens – Berechnungsgrundlagen, auf der Basis der Lamé–Gleichungen, zu liefern. Die Fügestellengestaltung hängt dabei von den Werkstoffen und Geometrien der Fügepartner ab. Die Fügeprozessführung erfolgt unter Berücksichtigung der zu verbindenden Fügepartner mit einfachen Fügewerkzeugen und unter Verwendung entsprechend ausgelegter Betriebsmittel. Zusätzlich werden Gestaltungshinweise für eine prozessangepasste Fügestellengestaltung gegeben, die es ermöglicht, eine Lastübertragung kraftschlüssig oder mithilfe von unterstützendem Strukturklebstoff zu gewährleisten.Within the scope of intensive development of vehicle technology, a special focus has since recently been placed on the optimization of the power train technology and the reduction of car bodies’ weight. The aim of this advancement is, besides the reduction of the overall vehicle fleet consumption, a reduction of the CO2 output from 185 g (1995) to less than 120 g per driven kilometer until 2012. Here, a successful approach to reduce the vehicle weight is, the application of lightweight construction strategies, as for example the material lightweight construction by use of aluminum. A major trend in industrial manufacturing is the production of highly individualized products. This trend generates a demand on processing technologies for small batch series. These products have to be manufactured using flexible manufacturing systems which allow the manufacturing of high quality products with sufficient process capability. Consequently, the manufacture of single components made of lightweight construction materials and their assembly to form groups must be executed certainly beyond trial. For this reason, the aim of the present work is to present fundamental calculations on the basis of Lamé equations for the joining by expansion, using the example of dieless hydroforming. As a result, the design of joints can be executed taking material characteristics, the geometry of the joining partners, and the working pressure into account. Experimental investigations have been executed using simple joining tools and specially adopted high pressure equipment. Additionally, design rules for a process adopted joint using mere force-fit or supporting adhesives are represented

Giant Oscillating Thermopower at Oxide Interfaces

Understanding the nature of charge carriers at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is one of the major open issues in the full comprehension of the charge confinement phenomenon in oxide heterostructures. Here, we investigate thermopower to study the electronic structure in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 at low temperature as a function of gate field. In particular, under large negative gate voltage, corresponding to the strongly depleted charge density regime, thermopower displays record-high negative values of the order of 10^4 - 10^5 microV/K, oscillating at regular intervals as a function of the gate voltage. The huge thermopower magnitude can be attributed to the phonon-drag contribution, while the oscillations map the progressive depletion and the Fermi level descent across a dense array of localized states lying at the bottom of the Ti 3d conduction band. This study is the first direct evidence of a localized Anderson tail in the two-dimensional (2D) electron liquid at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface.Comment: Main text: 28 pages and 3 figures; Supplementary information: 29 pages, 5 figures and 1 tabl

Seebeck effect in the conducting LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} interface

The observation of metallic behavior at the interface between insulating oxides has triggered worldwide efforts to shed light on the physics of these systems and clarify some still open issues, among which the dimensional character of the conducting system. In order to address this issue, we measure electrical transport (Seebeck effect, Hall effect and conductivity) in LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} interfaces and, for comparison, in a doped SrTiO_{3} bulk single crystal. In these experiments, the carrier concentration is tuned, using the field effect in a back gate geometry. The combined analysis of all experimental data at 77 K indicates that the thickness of the conducting layer is ~7 nm and that the Seebeck effect data are well described by a two-dimensional (2D) density of states. We find that the back gate voltage is effective in varying not only the charge density, but also the thickness of the conducting layer, which is found to change by a factor of ~2, using an electric field between -4 and +4MV/m at 77K. No enhancement of the Seebeck effect due to the electronic confinement and no evidence for two-dimensional quantization steps are observed at the interfaces.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Les impacts des aménagements cyclables à même la chaussée sur la sécurité routière à Montréal

Depuis 2005, le réseau routier montréalais accueille de nouveaux aménagements cyclables afin de promouvoir le vélo comme mode de transport à part entière. Cette stratégie vise à faciliter l'usage utilitaire du vélo afin de réduire l'empreinte carbone du transport motorisé. Cet objectif de doubler le nombre actuel de kilomètres de voies cyclables d'ici la prochaine décennie est prévu à l'intérieur d'une structure urbaine montréalaise compacte et déjà consolidée. Cette structure est plus propice aux infrastructures cyclables partageant la chaussée sans une barrière physique : bandes cyclables et chaussées désignées. De telles solutions sont novatrices pour ne pas dire osées en Amérique du Nord du fait qu'elles requièrent une plus grande interaction entre véhicules à moteur et cyclistes. Ce projet de recherche se donne pour objectifs de dresser un portrait de l'accueil des cyclistes sur le réseau routier à Montréal afin de constater si les nouveaux aménagements sont plus à risque que les premières solutions. Cette démarche est rendue possible par la disponibilité de données secondaires des accidents impliquant cyclistes et véhicules motorisés de 2003 à 2007. Les conclusions des analyses descriptives, de distributions spatiales et de statistiques n'ont pas permis de démontrer de manière significative que ces aménagements à même la chaussée sans barrière physique constituent un environnement de transport dangereux ou semblent contribuer à augmenter le niveau d'insécurité routière. Les chiffres ont plutôt montré une stabilité relative du nombre d'accidents et une chute des cas les plus sévères. Il y a eu une poussée en 2004 mais elle est antérieure à l'implantation des nouvelles infrastructures. De plus, le taux d'accidents entre cyclistes et circulation lourde n'est pas plus alarmant vu la structure économique actuelle, le pourcentage de camions à \ud Montréal et la localisation des nouveaux aménagements cyclables sur rue plus probables sur le réseau artériel pour leur capacité d'hébergement. Les analyses descriptives sur la distribution spatiale des accidents montrent qu'ils ne sont pas uniformément distribués à Montréal. Certains arrondissements semblent être plus périlleux pour les cyclistes que d'autres. En agrégeant les données d'accidents en deux grandes catégories à l'intérieur du périmètre où les accidents cyclistes sont les plus fréquents (ceux ayant eu lieu sur les nouveaux liens cyclables et ceux survenus sur la piste cyclable plus familière à Montréal), les résultats de l'analyse comparée ont montré une grande similitude dans les patrons des accidents. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : cyclistes, bandes cyclables, pistes cyclables, chaussées désignées, blessures graves, dommages matériels, mobilité soutenable, sécurité routière, site propre intégral, aménagement hors ru