Genetic structure and pod morphology of Inga edulis cultivated vs. wild populations from the Peruvian Amazon

Research Highlights: This study assesses the genetic diversity and structure of the ice-cream-bean (Inga edulis Mart.) (Fabaceae), in wild and cultivated populations from the Peruvian Amazon. This research also highlights the importance of protecting the biodiversity of the forest in the Peruvian Amazon, to preserve the genetic resources of species and allow further genetic improvement. Background and Objectives: Ice-cream-bean is one of the most commonly used species in the Amazon region for its fruits and for shading protection of other species (e.g.: cocoa and coffee plantations). Comprehensive studies about the impact of domestication on this species’ genetic diversity are needed, to find the best conservation and improvement strategies. Materials and Methods: In the current study, the genetic structure and diversity were assessed by genotyping 259 trees, sampled in five wild and 22 cultivated I. edulis populations in the Peruvian Amazon, with microsatellite markers. Pod length was measured in wild and cultivated trees. Results: The average pod length in cultivated trees was significantly higher than that in wild trees. The expected genetic diversity and the average number of alleles was higher in the wild compared to the cultivated populations, thus, a loss of genetic diversity was confirmed in the cultivated populations. The cultivated trees in the Loreto region had the highest pod length and lowest allelic richness, nevertheless the wild populations’ genetic structure was not clearly differentiated (significantly different) from that of the cultivated populations. Conclusions: A loss of genetic diversity was confirmed in the cultivated populations. The species could have been simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations, usually from local origin. The original I. edulis Amazonian germplasm should be maintained. Cultivated populations’ new germplasm influx from wild populations should be undertaken to increase genetic diversity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genome sizes of individual Chenopodium album aggregate species from Iran.

Genome sizes of individual Chenopodium album aggregate species from Iran. Population codes are taken from Table S1

Data from: Towards a better understanding of the Chenopodium album aggregate (Amaranthaceae) in the Middle East: a karyological, cytometric and morphometric investigation

The study of variation in nuclear genome size, especially when combined with common garden experiments, significantly contributes to disentangling interspecies relationships within taxonomically complicated plant groups. The Chenopodium album aggregate is among the morphologically most variable groups and consists of many weakly differentiated cosmopolitan entities. We analysed nuclear genome size variation in diploid and polyploid species of the aggregate from Iran using flow cytometry of 282 accessions from 88 populations of 7 species. To this end, we also determined chromosome numbers and performed a morphometric study to reveal the extent of intraspecific morphological variation. We found that Iranian species are exclusively diploid (C. vulvaria), tetraploid (C. novopokrovskyanum, C. strictum, C. sosnowskyi and C. chaldoranicum) or hexaploid (C. album subsp. album, C. album subsp. iranicum and C. opulifolium). Six homogeneous relative genome size groups were distinguished among the species studied. Our morphometric study surprisingly revealed that under similar ecological conditions Chenopodium species are morphologically stable and well distinguishable, exhibited very little morphological variation. Hence, immense variation in leaf shapes, branching and inflorescence organization seen in the field has not been repeated under greenhouse conditions. The only exception was C. album s. str. which exhibited numerous morphotypes, covering the variation of remaining species

microsatellite_genotypes

Microsatellite genotypes for 41 populations of Atriplex tatarica

Atriplex_alignment_samples

Aligned of all cpDNA sequences of A. tatarica and A. sagittata. The alignment is based on the concatenated sequences of the four analyzed cpDNA regions: rpl32-trnL, psbD-trnT, atpI-atpH, trnD-trnT

Data from: On the road: postglacial history and recent expansion of the annual Atriplex tatarica in Europe

Aim: The Holocene history of annual plant species is at best shadowy because, for most, the palaeobotanical data is scarce or absent. Hence, there is limited information on their glacial refugia and postglacial colonisation pathways. Also, little is known how human activity has affected their expansion. Here, we outline the joint influences of postglacial colonisation and recent expansions on the genetic diversity of the continental, sub-halophyte species Atriplex tatarica during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. Location: Europe. Taxon: Atriplex tatarica (Amaranthaceae) Methods: We analysed 780 individuals from 80 populations throughout the current European distribution range, employing chloroplast DNA sequences and microsatellite markers. Results: Five haplotype lineages were recognised based on the results of the cpDNA phylogenetic analyses. These lineages originated 0.43−0.22 my BP. Bayesian clustering analyses divided populations of A. tatarica into two clusters: (i) populations in the Pannonian Basin and the Bohemian Massif and (ii) populations in the North European Plain, the Balkan Peninsula, the Carpathian Arc and the Pontic region. The ABC approach provided the strongest statistical support for a model proposing refugia in the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Basin. Expansions from these refugia occurred around 7,000 yr BP. Main conclusion: Atriplex tatarica represents a continental species growing exclusively in man-made habitats. It serves as a phylogeographic model for annual ruderal taxa currently spreading in central Europe along highways and representing a large group of alien plant species, the so-called archaeophytes. Atriplex tatarica survived the last glaciation in both a southerly located Balkan refugium and in a more northerly refugium in the Pannonian Basin. From these, the species has colonised Europe as a result of expansion of humans and the anthropogenic climate change. The massive colonisation of central north Europe is very recent, with the expansion estimated to have occurred only hundreds of years ago

INSTRUCT_input_file

Microsatellite genotypes for 41 populations of Atriplex tatarica - input file for program Instruct

Atriplex_alignment_haplotypes

Aligned sequences of the 22 cpDNA haplotypes of A. tatarica and one haplotype of A. sagittata as outgroup. The alignment is based on the concatenated sequences of the four analyzed cpDNA regions: rpl32-trnL, psbD-trnT, atpI-atpH, trnD-trnT

Analysed morphological characters in Chenopodium album aggregate species from Iran.

Analysed morphological characters in Chenopodium album aggregate species from Iran. PL - Petiole length, LL - Lamina length, LW - Lamina width, TA - Tip angle of leaf, BA - Base angle of leaf, WV - Length from tip to widest point of the leaf (along the central vein), W1/2 - Lamina width in 1/2 of lamina length, C - Circularity of lamina, A - Area of lamina, A/A_reduced - Area of lamina/Area of lamina without teeth, PL/LL - Petiole length/Lamina length, LW/LL - Lamina width/Lamina length, WV/LL - Length from tip to widest point of the leaf/Lamina length, W1/2/LW - Lamina width in 1/2 of lamina length/Lamina length, area/LW - Area of lamina/Lamina width