Chapter Herbal Medicinal Products in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, which represents a substantial economic burden for society and significantly affects patients’ quality of life. Current conventional treatments of OA may be insufficiently effective and unsafe. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, many patients use herbal medicinal products (HMPs) and dietary supplements. A considerable number of herbal drugs and preparations (e.g., willow bark, Salicis cortex; devil’s claw root, Harpagophyti radix; blackcurrant leaf, Ribis nigri folium; nettle leaf/herb, Urticae folium/herba; meadowsweet/meadowsweet flower, Filipendulae ulmariae herba/flos; rosemary leaf/oil, Rosmarini folium/aetheroleum; and juniper oil, Juniperi aetheroleum) are traditionally employed to relieve minor articular pain. Active constituents (e.g., sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenic acids, diarylheptanoids, iridoid glycosides, phenolic glycosides, procyanidins, and alkaloids) are not often fully known. Experimental studies suggest that herbal extracts/compounds are able to suppress inflammation, inhibit catabolic processes, and stimulate anabolic processes relevant to OA. Therapeutic benefit of most HMPs is expected solely from the experience of their long-standing traditional use. Efficacy and safety of several HMPs were assessed in clinical trials. The growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence provides rationale for the use of herbal products in the treatment of OA. However, at present, they cannot be recommended to patients with confidence

In vitro antioxidant activity of honeydew and multifloral types of honey from Serbia

Antioxidant properties of fifteen multifloral and honeydew types of honey from Serbia were assessed by determination of ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) and 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability (DPPH assay), with respect to their total polyphenol content and colour intensity. The results of this study showed that total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and colour intensity varied widely among different samples, even within the same type of honey. All investigated parameters were strongly dependent on geographic origin of samples, further emphasizing the importance of their detailed chemical characterisation. In general, polyphenolic content in investigated samples of honey, expressed as catechin equivalents, ranged from 480.2 to 1861.1 mg/kg. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power of honey tended to be lower in brighter and higher in darker samples, varying between 489.6 and 3089.8 μmol Fe(II) per 100 g of honey. The correlation between the colour and antioxidant activity never reached statistical significance in the case of honeydew type of honey, which was opposed to a trend observed in the case of multifloral honey. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 143012

Мали утицај калцијумом допиране фосфат волфрамове бронзе на динамику Бригс−Раушер реакције

The Briggs-Rauscher (BR) oscillatory reaction is the oxidation of malonic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iodate in the acidic environment, which is catalyzed by ions of manganese. This reaction is very sensitive to the presence of additives. In this paper, the BR reaction has been used to investigate the phosphate tungsten bronze as well as calcium doped tungsten bronze, obtained by thermal treatment. The addition (0.01-0.08 g) of phosphate tungsten bronze and calcium doped phosphate tungsten bronze has a different effect on the dynamics of the Briggs-Rauscher reaction. In the case of the addition of phosphate tungsten bronze in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction, the linear dependence of the length of the oscillatory period on the mass of the added bronze was obtained, while in the case of addition of calcium doped phosphate tungsten bronze, the oscillatory period does not significantly change with an increase of added mass. The mechanism of calcium doped and undoped phosphate tungsten bronze action in BR reaction is probably adsorptive, and it will be the subject of future work.Бригс−Раушер (БР) осцилаторна реакција је реакција оксидације малонске киселине у присуству водоник-пероксида и јодата у киселој средини, која је катализована јонима мангана. Ова реакција је веома осетљива на присуство адитива. У овом раду, БР реакција је коришћена за испитивање фосфат волфрамове бронзе, као и калицијумом допиране фосфат волфрамове бронзе, које су добијене термичким третманом. Додатак (0,01−0,11 g) фосфат волфрамове бронзе и калцијумом допиране фосфат волфрамове бронзе има различит утицај на динамику Бригс−Раушер реакције. У случају додатка фосфат волфрамове бронзе у Бригс−Раушер реакцију, добијена је линеарна зависност дужине осцилаторног периода од масе додате бронзе, док у случају додатка калцијумом допиране фосфат волфрамове бронзе, осцилаторни период се не мења значајно са повећањем масе додате бронзе. Механизам деловања калцијумом допиране и недопиране фосфат волфрамове бронзе на БР реакцију је вероватно адсорпциони процес и биће предмет будућих истраживања

In situ conservation of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) gene pool in the protected area "Great War Island"

The conducted research that involved the assessment of the census size of the black poplar population on The Great War Island, its viability and health status, levels of genetic diversity and recent changes in population served as the basis for defining the measures of in situ conservation of the available gene pool. A network of in situ conservation habitats, labeled A, B and C, were formed. The area of conservation habitat A is 27.90 ha and includes 455 individual trees of black poplar. Conservation habitat B spreads over an area of 7.84 ha and includes 192 individual trees of black poplar. Conservation site C spreads over an area of 21.25 ha and includes 260 individual trees of black poplar. Potential new areas suitable for natural regeneration have been identified in the vicinity of the conservation habitats. Their total area amounts to 16.50 ha and they are surrounded by reproductively mature black poplar trees and thus, seeds can easily be transferred to these areas. The suggested measures of in situ conservation are aimed at the maintenance and conservation of existing black poplar population in the area of Great War Island

The herb of pannonian thyme citral chemotype as potentially new herbal raw material with medicinal properties

Panonski timijan (Thymus pannonicus All. Lamiaceae) je rasprostranjen u srednjoj i istočnoj Evropi na sušnim livadama i kamenjarima. U Srbiji raste pretežno u Vojvodini. Literaturni podaci ukazuju na značajne razlike u sastavu etarskog ulja samoniklog panonskog timijana. Potvrđeno je postojanje hemotipova; npr. timolnog i citralnog. Stabilna populacija citralnog hemotipa locirana je u Srbiji samo na Vršačkim planinama. Herba ovog hemotipa se, u južnom Banatu, koristi za pripremanje čajnog napitka specifičnog i prijatnog mirisa koji podseća na limun, ali i protiv nekih respiratornih i digestivnih oboljenja. Ovo je bio i osnov za detaljnije ispitivanje ove biljne vrste sa područja Vršačkih planina. Hromatografskom analizom (GC FID/MS; HPLC), ispitivana je polimorfnost samoniklih populacija citralnog hemotipa panonskog timijana i procenjivan uticaj ekoloških faktora na njihove morfološke, anatomske i hemijske karakteristike. Testirana je antimikrobna, antioksidantna, antitumorska i hepatoprotekivna aktivnost. Izvedeni su ogledi planskog gajenja i odabrane linije sa poželjnim osobinama. Utvrđeni su parametri kvaliteta herbe panonskog timijana, kao nove biljne sirovine. Rezultati ukazuju da se panonski timijan sa Vršačkih planina može smatrati dobrim izvorom biljne sirovine bogate citralom. Najvažniji sastojci polarnih ekstrakata herbe samoniklog panonskog timijana bile su fenolske kiseline (rozmarinska, salvianolna) i flavonoidi (glukuronidi luteolina i apigenina). Vodeni ekstrakt je ispoljio umereni antioksidantni efekat in vivo, uz značajno smanjenje intenziteta lipidne peroksidacije i održavanje fizioloških koncentracija glutationa. Prema ćelijama Erlihovog ascitnog tumora kod miša, vodeni ekstrakt je delovao citotoksično, ispoljivši prooksidantni efekat kojim je indukovana apoptoza. Uočena je značajna antimikrobna aktivnost prema testiranim mikroorganizmima, a naročito prema Candida albicans. Etarsko ulje i metanolni ekstrakt ispoljili su izuzetnu inhibitornu aktivnost prema kliničkim izolatima Helicobacter pylori rezistentnim na metronidazol i klaritromicin. Oplemenjivanjem, dobijena je sorta željenih tehnoloških svojstava koja daje veći prinos biljne mase, veći i stabilniji sadržaj etarskog ulja u odnosu na samoniklu biljku. Citralni hemotip panonskog timijana se pokazao kao izdašan biološki izvor droge Thymi pannonici herba. Zahvaljujući visokom sadržaju polifenolnih jedinjenja i etarskog ulja bogatog citralom, kao i ispoljenoj antioksidantnoj, antimikrobnoj i antitumorskoj aktivnosti, ona predstavlja potencijalno novu biljnu lekovitu sirovinu, koja bi se mogla primenjivati u savremenoj fitoterapiji.Panonian thyme (Thymus pannonicus All. Lamiaceae) is distributed in central and eastern Europe, over dry meadows, grasslands and rocks. In Serbia, it can be found mostly in Vojvodina province. Reference data reveals high variability in the composition of wild‐growing pannonian thyme. A number of chemotypes (e.g. thymol and citral) were confirmed. In Serbia, a stable population of citral chemotype has been found at Mt. Vršačke planine only. In southern Banat, dried herb of this chemotype is used to make tasty and refreshing herbal teas with peculiar and pleasant lemon‐like scent; also, against some respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. This provided the ground for further and detailed investigations on this plant species from Mt. Vršačke planine. By chromatographic analysis (GC FID/MS; HPLC), polymorphism within wild populations of this species was studied, as well as dominant ecological factors that influenced their morphologic, anatomic and chemical properties. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumour and hepatoprotective activity were also tested. Planned cultivation was attempted and lines with desirable traits were chosen. Parameters of quality for pannonian thyme herb as a new herbal raw material were defined. The results indicate that pannonian thyme from Mt. Vršačke planine could be considered as a pleniful source of herbal raw material rich in citral. Principal constituents of polar extracts of wild growing pannonian thyme were phenolic acids (rosmarinic, salvianolic) and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin glucuronides). Aqueous extract expressed moderate antioxidant effect in vivo, along with a significant decrease of lipid peroxidation intensity and preservation of physiological levels of glutathione. Against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice, aqueous extract expressed significant cytotoxic activity, through prooxidant effect that induced apoptosis. Significant antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms was observed; in particular, against Candida albicans. Essential oil and methanolic extract expressed remarkable inhibitory activity against clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori resistant to metronidazol and claritromycine. Finally, a variety with desired technological characteristics was bred, yielding superior biomass quantity, as well as higher and more stabile essential oil contents in comparison to wild‐growing plants. Pannonian thyme citral chemotype appeared to be a plentiful biological source of herbal substance Thymi pannonici herba. Owing to high contents of polyphenols and essential oil rich in citral, as well as to expressed antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor activity, it is a potentially new herbal raw material that could be used in contemporary phytotherapy.Predavanje po pozivu sa skupa nacionalnog značaja štampano u izvodu (M62): VII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, Beograd, Srbija, 10-14. 10. 2018

Žetveni ostaci kukuruza, pšenice i suncokreta ‐ otpad ili izvor vrednih sirovina? ‐ projekat PhAgroWaste

In Serbia, agricultural waste is still an underutilized resource. Recently, a trend of harvest residues open burning in the fields has been observed, resulting in heavy air pollution and posing risk to human and ecological health. Therefore, a consistent set of interdisciplinary investigations under the title “Value-Added Products from Maize, Wheat and Sunflower Waste as Raw Materials for Pharmaceutical and Food Industry” (PhAgroWaste) has been designed, with the aim to investigate and propose a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural waste management practice, where micro- and nanocrystalline cellulose (MCC/NCC) and the other products of high commercial value and biological activity (waxes, polyphenol-containing extracts and/or isolated chemical compounds) will be produced from harvest residues of corn, wheat and sunflower. MCC is one of the most frequently used excipients in formulations of different pharmaceutical products. On the other hand, NCC finds applications in tissue engineering, 3D-bioprinting, waste water treatment, development of composite materials, drug delivery, etc. MCC and polyphenol-rich extracts produced from agricultural waste will be added to innovative formulations of meat products to gain higher oxidative stability, extend shelf life, improve fatty acid composition and increase fibres content. Waxes and polyphenol-rich extracts will be tested in new formulations of nature-inspired cosmetics. This way, high value-added products can be created, with intention to improve the quality of life of their consumers, to reduce waste in the production chain, to limit environmental impacts of intensive agriculture and to improve competitiveness and economic growth in Serbian food and pharmaceutical industry.Poljoprivredni otpad je, u Srbiji, još uvek nedovoljno iskorišćen resurs, koji se uglavnom spaljuje na poljima ili baca - doprinoseći velikom zagađenju vazduha, ugrožavajući zdravlje stanovništva i narušavajući uslove životne sredine. Zbog toga je osmišljen konzistentan set interdisciplinarnih istraživanja pod nazivom „Value-Added Products from Maize, Wheat and Sunflower Waste as Raw Materials for Pharmaceutical and Food Industry“ (PhAgroWaste), sa ciljem da ispita i predloži održivu praksu upravljanja poljoprivrednim otpadom u kojoj bi žetveni ostaci pšenice, kukuruza i suncokreta bili sirovina za proizvodnju različitih materijala za primenu u farmaceutskoj industriji, sa visokom komercijalnom vrednošću i važnim biološkim aktivnostima (mikro- i nanokristalna celuloza - MCC/NCC, voskovi, ekstrakti bogati polifenolima, izolovana hemijska jedinjenja itd.). MCC je jedan od najčešće korišćenih ekscipijenasa u formulacijama različitih farmaceutskih proizvoda. S druge strane, NCC nalazi primenu u inženjeringu tkiva, 3D-bioprintingu, tretmanu otpadnih voda, razvoju kompozitnih materijala, isporuci lekova, itd. MCC i ekstrakti bogati polifenolima proizvedeni iz poljoprivrednog otpada ć e biti inkorporirani u inovativne formulacije mesnih proizvoda sa povećanom oksidativnom stabilnošć u, dužim rokom trajanja, poboljšanim sastavom masnih kiselina i poveć anim sadržajem vlakana. Voskovi i polifenolima bogati ekstrakti će biti testirani u formulaciji novih kozmetičkih proizvoda inspirisanih prirodom. Na ovaj način, mogu se proizvesti materijali sa visokom dodatnom vrednošć u, u cilju poboljšanja kvaliteta života njihovih korisnika, smanjenja generisanja otpada u proizvodnom lancu, ograničenja uticaja intenzivne poljoprivrede na životnu sredinu i unapređenja konkurentnosti i privrednog rasta srpske prehrambene i farmaceutske industrije.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Primena biljnih lekova kod benigne hiperplazije prostate

Benigna hiperplazija prostate (BHP) je funkcionalni poremećaj urogenitalnog trakta koji zahvata veliki deo muške populacije starije od 45 godina. Hirurška intervencija predstavlja 'zlatni standard' u lečenju ovog funkcionalnog poremećaja. Međutim, troškovi hirurškog lečenja su visoki i u velikoj meri opterećuju zdravstvene fondove. Zbog toga se poklanja izuzetna pažnja istraživanjima mogućnosti lečenja BHP i određenim vidovima zdravstvene edukacije muške populacije, u čemu farmaceuti imaju veoma važnu ulogu. Time se doprinosi pravovremenom otkrivanju ovog funkcionalnog poremećaja, što ostavlja prostor za primenu lekova i omogućava da se hirurška intervencija odloži. Racionalna fitoterapija pruža značajne mogućnosti u lečenju BHP, pogotovo ukoliko se ona na vreme dijagnostikuje. U praksi se najčešće koriste različiti dozirani oblici lipofilnog ekstrakta, masnog ulja i granulata semena bundeve (Cucurbitae peponis semen), lipofilnog ekstrakta ploda testeraste palme (Serenoae repentis fructus, syn. Sabalis fructus), totalnog ekstrakta korena koprive (Urticae radix), lipofilnog ekstrakta kore afričke šljive (Pygei africani cortex), i totalnog ekstrakta polena nekih biljaka iz familije Poaceae (Pollinis extractum siccum)

O tamjanu (Olibanum, Boswellia spp., Burseraceae)

Boswellia species (Burseraceae) are trees or shrubs whose area of distribution covers the wide geographic area between North Africa and India. After incision, their bark produces oleo-gum resin known as frankincense (Olibanum). In traditional medicine, frankincense is often used for medical treatment of arthritis, asthma, ulcerative colitis, coughs, sores, and wound healing. Various frankincense preparations are marketed almost exclusively as dietary supplements. Indian frankincense, or Olibanum indicum, is official in the European Pharmacopoeia. The major components of frankincense are boswellic acids, among which the most important and abundant is 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). AKBA is a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. Besides, frankincense contains essential oil, whose composition greatly depends on the biological source, as well as arabinogalactans and glycoproteins. In small clinical trials, certain benefits of various frankincense preparations have been demonstrated in cases of ulcerative colitis, bronchial asthma, mild symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, and various disorders of osteo-muscular system. However, for collagenous colitis and Crohn’s disease remission maintenance, the evidence is ambiguous or negative. AKBA-containing extract was found advantageous in patients with osteoarthritis, and to some extent with rheumatoid arthritis. Almost all the trials had serious flaws in experimental design, such as insufficient sample size and/or incomplete reporting of data. For any clinical recommendation of frankincense preparations, larger and better-designed studies are needed.Vrste roda Boswellia (Burseraceae) su žbunovi ili nisko drveće, čiji areal rasprostranjenja obuhvata veliki geografski prostor između severne Afrike i Indije. Nakon zasecanja, njihova kora oslobađa oleogumirezinu, koja je poznata pod nazivom tamjan (Olibanum). U tradicionalnoj medicini, koristi se u lečenju artritisa, astme, ulcerativnog kolitisa, kašlja i ozleda. Različiti preparati tamjana se u prometu nalaze gotovo isključivo u obliku dodataka ishrani (dijetetskih suplemenata). Indijski tamjan ili Olibanum indicum je oficinalan u Evropskoj farmakopeji. Glavni sastojci tamjana su bosvelinske kiseline, među kojima je najznačajnija i najzastupljenija 3-O-acetil-11-keto-b-bosvelinska kiselina (AKBA). AKBA je inhibitor 5-lipoksigenaze i ispoljava antiinflamatorni i antiartritički efekat. Pored toga, tamjan sadrži etarsko ulje, čiji sastav u velikoj meri zavisi od biološkog izvora, kao i arabinogalaktane i glikoproteine. Malim kliničkim studijama je potvrđen izvestan pozitivan efekat raznih preparata tamjana na ulcerativni kolitis, bronhijalnu astmu, blage simptome sindroma iritabilnog kolona i poremećaje koštano-mišićnog sistema. Međutim, kod kolagenoznog kolitisa ili za održanje remisije Kronove bolesti, dokazi su nejasni ili izostaju. Ekstrakt bogat AKBA se pokazao efikasnim kod pacijenata sa osteoartritisom i, u izvesnoj meri, reumatoidnim artritisom. Skoro sva objavljena klinička ispitivanja su imala ozbiljne nedostatke u eksperimentalnom dizajnu, kao što su mala veličina uzorka i nekompletno objavljivanje eksperimentalnih podataka. Neophodne su veće i bolje dizajnirane studije kako bi se ostvarile preporuke za primenu u kliničkoj praksi

Initial height and diameter are equally related to survival and growth of hardwood seedlings in first year after field planting

This study compares the relation of initial height and root collar diameter of bareroot hardwoods seedlings to survival and growth in first year after planting. A total of six species used in Serbian reforestation programs were tested (four native: Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus laevis, Fraxinus excelsior, and Acer pseudoplatanus and two exotic: Robinia pseudoacacia, and Quercus rubra), at 6 sites with a wide range of environmental conditions. Initial seedling height and diameter were equally related to field performance and better in forecasting growth than survival. The relation between seedlings initial morphological attributes and survival was species specific, while for all tested species growth was positively correlated to seedling size at planting. Although large seedlings kept their advantage in size, smaller seedlings grew at a higher rate. Both initial H and D should be considered as equally important in operational programs for hardwoods seedling quality testing

Conservation and sustainable utilization of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) gene pool in the area of Great War Island

Осврнувши се око себе, одговоран човек, се све више осећа обесхрабрен чињеницом да многе врсте полако нестају а станишта се уништавају. У том процесу шумско дрвеће неминовно страда, губе се не само појединачни гени или генски комплекси него и читаве врсте. Могуће је и неопходно осетити изазов у тражењу начина да се заустави уништавање! Спроведена истраживања обављена су у заштићеном подручју „Велико ратно острво“ у циљу конзервације и усмереног коришћења преосталог генофонда црне тополе која овде спада у групу ретких и угрожених врста, са учешћем у запремини од 5,4% и запреминском прирасту од 7,0%. Јавља се фрагментарно, са свега 907 евидентираних стабала, без могућности природног обнављања и тенденцијом ишчезавања са овог простора. Као основа за дефинисање мера конзервације обављена је процена генетичке варијабилности на нивоу тест стабала репрезената популације. Анализа морфолошких карактеристика листова показује да унутар истраживане популације постоји значајна варијабилност, за свих седам анализираних својстава. Анализом 11 микросателитских локуса укупно је утврђено 110 алела, просечно 10 алела по сваком локусу. Просечан број ефективних алела (Ne) по сваком локусу био је 6,506. Утврђена хетерозиготност (Ho = 0,702; He = 0,822) у истраживаној популацији указује на велику унутарпопулациону варијабилност. У циљу in situ конзервације дефинисана су три конзервациона станишта укупне површине 56 ha и 99 ar (конзервационо станиште А површине 27 ha и 90 ar; конзервационо станиште B површине 7 ha и 84 ar и конзервационо станиште C површине 21 ha 25 ar) и идентификоване нове потенцијалне површине погодне за природно подмлађивање укупне површине 16 ha и 50 ar. Ex situ конзервација црне тополе спроведена је оснивањем: клонског архива у расаднику Мишљеновац, чиме је постављена основа за очување дела генофонда и контролисану производњу квалификованог репродуктивног материјала; теста потомства у расаднику у коме је тестиран генетски потенцијал материнских стабала и пољске банке гена на подручју Великог ратног острва. Спроведене активности доприносе конзервацији расположивог генофонда црне тополе, повећању шумовитости овог подручја и биолошкој стабилности шумских екосистема Великог ратног острва. Обновљене или сачуване састојине црне тополе представљају важан прилог у очувању сложених екосистема плавних шума.Looking around, a responsible man feels increasingly discouraged by the fact that many species are disappearing and habitats are being destroyed. In this process, forest trees will inevitably suffer as not only are individual genes or gene complexes lost but also entire species. It is possible and necessary to feel the challenge of searching for ways to stop that destruction! This study was conducted in the protected area „Great War Island“ in the aim of conservation and sustainable utilization of the remaining gene pool of black poplar which here falls into the category of rare and endangered species, with a 5.4% share in the volume and 7.0 % share in the volume increment. It appears in fragments with only 907 registered trees without the possibility of natural regeneration and the tendency of disappearing from this area. An assessment of genetic variability was carried out at the level of test trees as population representatives serving as the basis for defining conservation measures. An analysis of the morphological characteristics of leaves shows that there is significant variability within the studied population, for all seven analyzed characteristics. An analysis of 11 microsatellite loci revealed a total of 110 alleles, i.e. on average 10 alleles at each locus. The average number of effective alleles (Ne) at each locus was 6,506. The established heterozygosity (Ho = 0.702; He = 0.822) in the studied population indicates a large interpopulation variability. In the aim of in situ conservation, three conservation sites were defined with a total area of 56 ha and 99 ar (conservation site A with an area of 27 ha and 90 ar; conservation site B with an area of 7 ha and 84 ar and conservation site C with an area of 21 ha 25 ar) and new potential areas suitable for natural regeneration with a total area of 16 ha and 50 ar were identified. The ex situ conservation of black poplar was conducted by establishing: a clonal archive in the Mišljenovac nursery, thus setting the basis for the conservation of one part of the gene pool and controlled production of qualified reproductive material; a progeny test in the nursery in which the genetic potentials of the mother trees and field genebank in the area of Great War Island. The conducted activities contribute to the conservation of the available gene pool of black poplar, increasing the forest cover of the area and the biological stability of forest ecosystems of Great War Island. Regenerated or preserved stands of black poplar are an important contribution to the preservation of complex ecosystems of floodplain forests