7,424 research outputs found
Millisecond Time Variations of X-Ray Binaries
The Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has found that the neutron stars in
low-mass X-ray binaries exhibit oscillations in the range 300-1200 Hz.
Persistent emission may exhibit one or both of two features. In bursts a nearly
coherent pulsation is seen, which may be the rotation period of the neutron
star. For some the frequency equals the difference between the two higher
frequencies, suggesting a beat frequency model, but in others it is twice the
difference. Similar maximum frequencies suggests that it corresponds to the
Kepler orbit frequency at the minimum stable orbit or the neutron star surface,
either of which would determine the neutron star masses, radii and equation of
state. Theories of accretion onto black holes predict a quasi-periodic
oscillation (QPO) related to the inner accretion disk. The two microquasar
black hole candidates (BHCs) have exhibited candidates for this or related
frequencies.Comment: 4 pages, to be published in the proceedings of IAU Symposium 188: The
Hot Univers
Simulation of an Optional Strategy in the Prisoner's Dilemma in Spatial and Non-spatial Environments
This paper presents research comparing the effects of different environments
on the outcome of an extended Prisoner's Dilemma, in which agents have the
option to abstain from playing the game. We consider three different pure
strategies: cooperation, defection and abstinence. We adopt an evolutionary
game theoretic approach and consider two different environments: the first
which imposes no spatial constraints and the second in which agents are placed
on a lattice grid. We analyse the performance of the three strategies as we
vary the loner's payoff in both structured and unstructured environments.
Furthermore we also present the results of simulations which identify scenarios
in which cooperative clusters of agents emerge and persist in both
environments.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. International Conference on the Simulation of
Adaptive Behavio
Evolutionary instability of Zero Determinant strategies demonstrates that winning isn't everything
Zero Determinant (ZD) strategies are a new class of probabilistic and
conditional strategies that are able to unilaterally set the expected payoff of
an opponent in iterated plays of the Prisoner's Dilemma irrespective of the
opponent's strategy, or else to set the ratio between a ZD player's and their
opponent's expected payoff. Here we show that while ZD strategies are weakly
dominant, they are not evolutionarily stable and will instead evolve into less
coercive strategies. We show that ZD strategies with an informational advantage
over other players that allows them to recognize other ZD strategies can be
evolutionarily stable (and able to exploit other players). However, such an
advantage is bound to be short-lived as opposing strategies evolve to
counteract the recognition.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures. Change in title (again!) to comply with Nature
Communications requirements. To appear in Nature Communication
Timescale Spectra in High Energy Astrophysics
A technique of timescale analysis performed directly in the time domain has
been developed recently. We have applied the technique to studying rapid
variabilities of hard X-rays from neutron star and black hole binaries,
gamma-ray bursts and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. The results indicate that
the time domain method of spectral analysis is a powerful tool in revealing the
underlying physics in high-energy processes in objects.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Invited talk at the 6th Pacific Rim Conference on
Steller Astrophysic
Heterogeneity in background fitness acts as a suppressor of selection
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.We introduce the concept of heterogeneity in background fitness to evolutionary dynamics in finite populations. Background fitness is specific to an individual but not linked to its strategy. It can be thought of as a property that is related to the physical or societal position of an individual, but is not dependent on the strategy that is adopted in the evolutionary process under consideration. In our model, an individual's total fitness is the sum of its background fitness and the fitness derived from using a specific strategy. This approach has important implications for the imitation of behavioural strategies: if we imitate others for their success, but can only adopt their behaviour and not their social and economic ties, we may imitate in vain. We study the effect of heterogeneity in background fitness on the fixation of a mutant strategy with constant fitness. We find that heterogeneity suppresses selection, but also decreases the time until a novel strategy either takes over the population or is lost again. We derive analytical solutions of the fixation probability in small populations. In the case of large total background fitness in a population with maximum inequality, we find a particularly simple approximation of the fixation probability. Numerical simulations suggest that this simple approximation also holds for larger population sizes.
Previous article in issueO.P.H. is grateful for fellowship support from Harvard's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. O.P.H. and M.A.N. are thankful for support from the Templeton Foundation. A.T. thanks the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft for generous funding
Punishment does not promote cooperation under exploration dynamics when anti-social punishment is possible
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.It has been argued that punishment promotes the evolution of cooperation when mutation rates are high (i.e. when agents engage in âexploration dynamicsâ). Mutations maintain a steady supply of agents that punish free-riders, and thus free-riders are at a disadvantage. Recent experiments, however, have demonstrated that free-riders sometimes also pay to punish cooperators. Inspired by these empirical results, theoretical work has explored evolutionary dynamics where mutants are rare, and found that punishment does not promote the evolution of cooperation when this âanti-social punishmentâ is allowed. Here we extend previous theory by studying the effect of anti-social punishment on the evolution of cooperation across higher mutation rates, and by studying voluntary as well as compulsory Public Goods Games. We find that for intermediate and high mutation rates, adding punishment does not promote cooperation in either compulsory or voluntary public goods games if anti-social punishment is possible. This is because mutations generate agents that punish cooperators just as frequently as agents that punish defectors, and these two effects cancel each other out. These results raise questions about the effectiveness of punishment for promoting cooperation when mutations are common, and highlight how decisions about which strategies to include in the strategy set can have profound effects on the resulting dynamics.O.P.H. is grateful to the department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard for fellowship support. Funding from the John Templeton Foundation is gratefully acknowledged
Lightweight Interactions for Reciprocal Cooperation in a Social Network Game
The construction of reciprocal relationships requires cooperative
interactions during the initial meetings. However, cooperative behavior with
strangers is risky because the strangers may be exploiters. In this study, we
show that people increase the likelihood of cooperativeness of strangers by
using lightweight non-risky interactions in risky situations based on the
analysis of a social network game (SNG). They can construct reciprocal
relationships in this manner. The interactions involve low-cost signaling
because they are not generated at any cost to the senders and recipients.
Theoretical studies show that low-cost signals are not guaranteed to be
reliable because the low-cost signals from senders can lie at any time.
However, people used low-cost signals to construct reciprocal relationships in
an SNG, which suggests the existence of mechanisms for generating reliable,
low-cost signals in human evolution.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure
Cooperating with the future
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Publishing Group via the DOI in this record.Overexploitation of renewable resources today has a high cost on the welfare of future generations1,2,3,4,5. Unlike in other public goods games6,7,8,9, however, future generations cannot reciprocate actions made today. What mechanisms can maintain cooperation with the future? To answer this question, we devise a new experimental paradigm, the âIntergenerational Goods Gameâ. A line-up of successive groups (generations) can each either extract a resource to exhaustion or leave something for the next group. Exhausting the resource maximizes the payoff for the present generation, but leaves all future generations empty-handed. Here we show that the resource is almost always destroyed if extraction decisions are made individually. This failure to cooperate with the future is driven primarily by a minority of individuals who extract far more than what is sustainable. In contrast, when extractions are democratically decided by vote, the resource is consistently sustained. Voting10,11,12,13,14,15 is effective for two reasons. First, it allows a majority of cooperators to restrain defectors. Second, it reassures conditional cooperators16 that their efforts are not futile. Voting, however, only promotes sustainability if it is binding for all involved. Our results have implications for policy interventions designed to sustain intergenerational public goods.Financial support from the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard, the Harvard Office for Sustainability and the John Templeton Foundation is gratefully acknowledged
Evolution of cooperation driven by zealots
Recent experimental results with humans involved in social dilemma games
suggest that cooperation may be a contagious phenomenon and that the selection
pressure operating on evolutionary dynamics (i.e., mimicry) is relatively weak.
I propose an evolutionary dynamics model that links these experimental findings
and evolution of cooperation. By assuming a small fraction of (imperfect)
zealous cooperators, I show that a large fraction of cooperation emerges in
evolutionary dynamics of social dilemma games. Even if defection is more
lucrative than cooperation for most individuals, they often mimic cooperation
of fellows unless the selection pressure is very strong. Then, zealous
cooperators can transform the population to be even fully cooperative under
standard evolutionary dynamics.Comment: 5 figure
Think global, act local: Preserving the global commons
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this recordPreserving global public goods, such as the planetâs ecosystem, depends on large-scale cooperation, which is difficult to achieve because the standard reciprocity mechanisms weaken in large groups. Here we demonstrate a method by which reciprocity can maintain cooperation in a large-scale public goods game (PGG). In a first experiment, participants in groups of on average 39 people play one round of a Prisonerâs Dilemma (PD) with their two nearest neighbours on a cyclic network after each PGG round. We observe that people engage in âlocal-to-globalâ reciprocity, leveraging local interactions to enforce global cooperation: Participants reduce PD cooperation with neighbours who contribute little in the PGG. In response, low PGG contributors increase their contributions if both neighbours defect in the PD. In a control condition, participants do not know their neighboursâ PGG contribution and thus cannot link play in the PD to the PGG. In the control we observe a sharp decline of cooperation in the PGG, while in the treatment condition global cooperation is maintained. In a second experiment, we demonstrate the scalability of this effect: in a 1,000-person PGG, participants in the treatment condition successfully sustain public contributions. Our findings suggest that this simple âlocal-to-globalâ intervention facilitates large-scale cooperation.This work was supported by Office of Naval Research grant N00014-16-1-2914 and by the John Templeton Foundation. The Program for Evolutionary Dynamics is supported in part by a gift from B Wu and Eric Larson
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