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A Rescorla-Wagner Drift-Diffusion Model of Conditioning and Timing
Computational models of classical conditioning have made significant contributions to the theoretic understanding of associative learning, yet they still struggle when the temporal aspects of conditioning are taken into account. Interval timing models have contributed a rich variety of time representations and provided accurate predictions for the timing of responses, but they usually have little to say about associative learning. In this article we present a unified model of conditioning and timing that is based on the influential Rescorla-Wagner conditioning model and the more recently developed Timing Drift-Diffusion model. We test the model by simulating 10 experimental phenomena and show that it can provide an adequate account for 8, and a partial account for the other 2. We argue that the model can account for more phenomena in the chosen set than these other similar in scope models: CSC-TD, MS-TD, Learning to Time and Modular Theory. A comparison and analysis of the mechanisms in these models is provided, with a focus on the types of time representation and associative learning rule used
As repercussões do cuidado na vida do cuidador familiar do idoso com demência de Alzheimer
Nos últimos anos tem aumentado progressivamente o número de famílias que se tem confrontado com a situação de cuidar de familiares idosos em condição de dependência, principalmente quando esta é provocada em virtude da Doença de Alzheimer (DA). O objetivo deste estudo é o de investigar as repercussões do cuidado na vida do cuidador familiar de idoso com demência de Alzheimer. Através da epistemologia qualitativa utilizou-se a técnica da entrevista na modalidade de história de vida temática aplicada a vinte cuidadores de idosos cadastrados na Associação Brasileira de Alzheimer do estado do Amazonas (ABRAZ-AM). Os resultados mostraram que as renúncias aparecem nos depoimentos dos familiares como uma repercussão significativa do cuidado. A privação social em função do cuidado é uma realidade presente na vida dos cuidadores deste estudo. A raiva, a impaciência, o medo, a solidão e a vergonha são sentimentos vivenciados pelos cuidadores em seu cotidiano, que se alternam com sentimentos de satisfação, felicidade, compaixão e de retribuição. É importante salientar que neste estudo, a situação de cuidado vivenciada pelos cuidadores é permeada por sentimentos que se contrapõem, em determinados momentos se configurando como desagradáveis e em outros momentos como agradáveis. Sendo assim, percebe-se que é possível e relevante os profissionais da saúde identificarem esses aspectos favorecedores de prazer na relação de cuidado, buscando exaltá-los perante os outros. Dessa forma, a possibilidade de enfrentar da melhor forma os percalços deve ser considerada uma realidade eminentemente presente no cotidiano de cuidado.In recent years there has been a progressive increase in the number of families confronted with the situation of caring for elderly relatives in a dependent condition, principally as a result of Alzheimer's disease. The objective of the present study was to investigate the repercussions of such care in the life of family caregivers of elderly relatives with Alzheimer's disease. By means of qualitative epistemology, the interview technique was used in the thematic life history modality, and applied to 20 caregivers of elderly individuals enrolled in the Brazilian Association of Alzheimer's Disease in the State of Amazonas, Northern Brazil. The results showed that renouncements emerge in the caregivers' testimonies as a significant repercussion of care. Social deprivation is a reality that is present in the lives of all the caregivers who took part in this study. Anger, impatience, fear, loneliness and shame are feelings experienced by the caregivers in their everyday lives, intermingling with feelings of satisfaction, happiness, compassion and retribution. It is important to highlight that in the present study the care situation lived by the caregivers was permeated by opposing feelings, being considered unpleasant in certain moments and pleasant in others. Thus, it is perceived that it is possible and relevant for the health professionals to identify the pleasure-promoting aspects in the care relationship, praising them before the others. Therefore, the possibility of facing the mishaps in the best possible way should be considered as an eminently present reality in the daily routine of care
Conditioned inhibition.
<p>Left column: simulation (top) and data (bottom) from conditioned inhibition with a long inhibitor. Right column: simulation (top) and data (bottom) from conditioned inhibition with a short inhibitor. Data plots redrawn from Figure 4 in [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005796#pcbi.1005796.ref092" target="_blank">92</a>]. Model parameters: <i>α</i><sub><i>t</i></sub> = 0.09, <i>α</i><sub><i>V</i></sub> = 0.06, <i>μ</i> = 1, <i>σ</i> = 0.35, <i>m</i> = 0.16, <i>H</i> = 30.</p