Olympiaskolan och humanistisk bildning som livsstilsprojekt

I tre fallrapporter från forskningsprojektet Framgångsrikt skolledarskap i olika skolkulturer presenteras resultat från omfattande empiriska undersökningar vid tre skolor. I rapporterna beskrivs och problematiseras skolornas respektive kultur: den aktuella gymnasieskolans kunskapskultur, där bildning kommit att bli ett kännetecken; den utvalda f-9-skolans karriärkultur, utsatt för ett kraftfullt förändringstryck från både elever och från den förvandling av såväl pedagogiska arbetsformer som av lärarnas arbete som nu pågår; slutligen f-6-skolan där en ursprunglig tvångskultur förvandlats till en skolkultur som betonar elevernas sociala och kulturella integration. Detta är emellertid endast bakgrunden till rapporternas egentliga fokus: undersökningen av tre välfungerande skolledares sätt att utöva skolledarskap i olika skolkulturer. Ur ett omfattande undersökningsmaterial växer tre skolledarskap fram. Här finner vi rektorn som är en kulturell insider men som förväntas utöva ett kulturförändrande ledarskap på en synnerligen traditionstyngd skola. Och visionären som har denna kulturförvandling bakom sig och som nu förväntas profilera en gymnasieskola med vikande söktal och som gör det genom att knyta an till skolans humanistiska bildningstradition. Slutligen den kommunikative skolledaren som skyr företeelsen lojalitet och som framgångsrikt lett förvandlingen av en problemtyngd skola till en folkskola mitt i den mångkulturella byn

Framgångsrika skolledare i spänningsfält och allianser

Vad gör en skolledare framgångsrik? Och vad gör en framgångsrik skolledare? I denna artikel presenteras några resultat från forskningsprojektet Framgångsrikt skolledarskap i olika skolkulturer, vilka delvis utgör svar på frågorna. Resultaten härrör från intervjuer, enkäter, observationer och elevuppsatser och utgörs av olika skolaktörers kriterier för bedömning av skolledares framgång. I likhet med annan forskning på området konstateras att skolledare befinner sig i spänningsfält som konstitueras av olika skolaktörers varierande intressen. Dessa förhållanden analyseras i artikeln genom att för det första kopplas samman med tre spänningsfält som överhuvudtaget sätter sin prägel på dagens svenska skola: spänningsfältet mellan arbetsgivare och anställda; mellan elever och vuxna; samt mellan förändring och beständighet. För det andra analyseras skolledares allianser med olika andra aktörer inom skolan. Allianserna är på en och samma gång ett sätt att hantera de spänningar som skolledare vardagligen möter och ett sätt att konstruera framgång

Radiation Induced Point and Cluster-Related Defects with Strong Impact to Damage Properties of Silicon Detectors

This work focuses on the investigation of radiation induced defects responsible for the degradation of silicon detectors. Comparative studies of the defects induced by irradiation with 60Co- rays, 6 and 15 MeV electrons, 23 GeV protons and 1 MeV equivalent reactor neutrons revealed the existence of point defects and cluster related centers having a strong impact on damage properties of Si diodes. The detailed relation between the microscopic reasons as based on defect analysis and their macroscopic consequences for detector performance are presented. In particular, it is shown that the changes in the Si device properties after exposure to high levels of 60Co- doses can be completely understood by the formation of two point defects, both depending strongly on the Oxygen concentration in the silicon bulk. Specific for hadron irradiation are the annealing effects which decrease resp. increase the originally observed damage effects as seen by the changes of the depletion voltage. A group of three cluster related defects, revealed as deep hole traps, proved to be responsible specifically for the reverse annealing. Their formation is not affected by the Oxygen content or Si growth procedure suggesting that they are complexes of multi-vacancies located inside extended disordered regions.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure

Macroscopic appearance of the major duodenal papilla influences bile duct cannulation : a prospective multicenter study by the Scandinavian Association for Digestive Endoscopy Study Group for ERCP

Background and Aims: Certain appearances of the major duodenal papilla have been claimed to make cannulation more difficult during ERCP. This study uses a validated classification of the endoscopic appearance of the major duodenal papilla to determine if certain types of papilla predispose to difficult cannulation. Methods: Patients with a naive papilla scheduled for ERCP were included. The papilla was classified into 1 of 4 papilla types before cannulation started. Time to successful bile duct cannulation, attempts, and number of pancreatic duct passages were recorded. Difficult cannulation was defined as after 5 minutes, 5 attempts, or 2 pancreatic guidewire passages. Results: A total of 1401 patients were included from 9 different centers in the Nordic countries. The overall frequency of difficult cannulation was 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39%-44%). Type 2 small papilla (52%; 95% CI, 45%-59%) and type 3 protruding or pendulous papilla (48%; 95% CI, 42%-53%) were more frequently difficult to cannulate compared with type 1 regular papilla (36%; 95% CI, 33%-40%; both P <.001). If an inexperienced endoscopist started cannulation, the frequency of failed cannulation increased from 1.9% to 6.3% (P <.0001), even though they were replaced by a senior endoscopist after 5 minutes. Conclusions: The endoscopic appearance of the major duodenal papilla influences bile duct cannulation. Small type 2 and protruding or pendulous type 3 papillae are more frequently difficult to cannulate. In addition, cannulation might even fail more frequently if a beginner starts cannulation. These findings should be taken into consideration when performing studies regarding bile duct cannulation and in training future generations of endoscopists.Peer reviewe

Transpancreatic biliary sphincterotomy versus double guidewire in difficult biliary cannulation : a randomized controlled trial

Background Difficult biliary cannulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) increases the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). The purpose of this prospective, randomized, multicenter study was to compare two advanced rescue methods, transpancreatic biliary sphincterotomy (TPBS) and a double-guidewire (DGW) technique, in difficult common bile duct (CBD) cannulation. Methods Patients with native papilla and planned CBD cannulation were recruited at eight Scandinavian hospitals. An experienced endoscopist attempted CBD cannulation with wire-guided cannulation. If the procedure fulfilled the definition of difficult cannulation and a guidewire entered the pancreatic duct, randomization to either TPBS or to DGW was performed. If the randomized method failed, any method available was performed. The primary end point was the frequency of PEP and the secondary end points included successful cannulation with the randomized method. Results In total, 1190 patients were recruited and 203 (17.1%) were randomized according to the study protocol (TPBS 104 and DGW 99). PEP developed in 14/104 patients (13.5%) in the TPBS group and 16/99 patients (16.2%) in the DGW group (P=0.69). No difference existed in PEP severity between the groups. The rate of successful deep biliary cannulation was significantly higher with TPBS (84.6% [88/104]) than with DGW (69.7% [69/99]; P=0.01). Conclusions In difficult biliary cannulation, there was no difference in PEP rate between TPBS and DGW techniques. TPBS is a good alternative in cases of difficult cannulation when the guidewire is in the pancreatic duct.Peer reviewe

Up-to-date on mortality in COPD - report from the OLIN COPD study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The poor recognition and related underdiagnosis of COPD contributes to an underestimation of mortality in subjects with COPD. Data derived from population studies can advance our understanding of the true burden of COPD. The objective of this report was to evaluate the impact of COPD on mortality and its predictors in a cohort of subjects with and without COPD recruited during the twenty first century.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>All subjects with COPD (n = 993) defined according to the GOLD spirometric criteria, FEV₁/FVC < 0.70, and gender- and age-matched subjects without airway obstruction, non-COPD (n = 993), were identified in a clinical follow-up survey of the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies cohorts in 2002-2004. Mortality was observed until the end of year 2007. Baseline data from examination at recruitment were used in the risk factor analyses; age, smoking status, lung function (FEV₁% predicted) and reported heart disease.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mortality was significantly higher among subjects with COPD, 10.9%, compared to subjects without COPD, 5.8% (p < 0.001). Mortality was associated with higher age, being a current smoker, male gender, and COPD. Replacing COPD with FEV₁% predicted in the multivariate model resulted in the decreasing level of FEV₁being a significant risk factor for death, while heart disease was not a significant risk factor for death in any of the models.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this cohort COPD and decreased FEV₁were significant risk factors for death when adjusted for age, gender, smoking habits and reported heart disease.</p