5 research outputs found

    Studie av implementering av Rogowski-spolar för vÀxelströmsmÀtning i ABB:s optiska strömgivare

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    ABB HVDC is a manufacturer of optical current transducers (OCTs) are used which are used to measure alternating currents in high voltage applications. The sensor used today is based on a current transformer and measures alternating currents between 100 and 4000 A. With the current transformer there are disadvantages due to its core of magnetic material which saturates at high currents. As the core goes into saturation, the number of different variants of current transducers increases re-garding rated currents, measurement requirements and behavior in short-circuit currents and transients. Due to such a limitation, there is the need for an alternative solution. The Rogowski coil is just like the current transformer based on Faraday's law of in-duction. Instead of several different variants, a solution with Rogowski coils can be varied with different measuring ranges of the sensor electronics. Therefore, the possibility of implementing a Rogowski coil in an OCT is being investigated. An OCT consists partly of the sensor itself but also an electronics unit and an optical in-terface unit (OIU). Since the signal from a Rogowski coil is proportional to the derivative of the current in the measurement object, a type of integrator is needed to recreate the signal. The possibility of having either an analog or digital integrator exists, but a digital can bring benefits such as reduced delivery time. By utilizing existing circuits on the OIU, a digital integrator could be implemented. In the work, an integrator function has been created in Matlab to recreate the signal. A scale factor was determined to minimize the amplitude difference between reference sensors and the Rogowski sig-nal. The work shows that current measurement with the Rogowski coil where the fre-quency is varied results in an amplitude difference between the reference sensor and the Rogowski coil. The amplitude difference has a linear trend and could be offset by a frequency coefficient. The work also discusses proposals for further tests that should be performed to identify how different factors affect a current measurement.PĂ„ ABB HVDC tillverkas optiska strömgivare (OCT) som anvĂ€nds för att mĂ€ta vĂ€x-elströmmar i högspĂ€nningsapplikationer. Givaren som anvĂ€nds idag Ă€r baserat pĂ„ en strömtransformator och mĂ€ter vĂ€xelströmmar mellan 100 och 4000 A. Med ström-transformatorn följer nackdelar pĂ„ grund av dess kĂ€rna av magnetiskt material som gĂ„r i mĂ€ttnad vid höga strömmar. Till följd av att kĂ€rnan gĂ„r i mĂ€ttnad sĂ„ ökas anta-let olika varianter pĂ„ strömgivare med hĂ€nsyn till mĂ€rkströmmar, mĂ€tkrav och bete-ende vid kortslutningsströmmar samt transienter. PĂ„ grund av en sĂ„dan begrĂ€nsning finns behovet av en alternativ lösning. Rogowski-spolen Ă€r precis som strömtransformatorn baserad pĂ„ Faraday’s indukt-ionslag. En lösning med Rogowski-spolar kan istĂ€llet för flera olika varianter, varie-ras med olika mĂ€tomrĂ„den hos givarelektroniken. DĂ€rför undersöks möjligheten att kunna implementera en Rogowski-spole i en OCT. En OCT bestĂ„r delvis av sjĂ€lva givaren men Ă€ven en elektronikenhet samt en optisk grĂ€nssnittsenhet (OIU). Eftersom signalen frĂ„n en Rogowski-spole Ă€r proportionell mot derivatan av ström-men i mĂ€tobjektet sĂ„ behövs en typ av integrator för att Ă„terskapa signalen. Möjlig-heten att ha antingen en analog eller digital integrator finns, men en digital kan med-föra fördelar som exempelvis minskad leveranstid. Genom att ta nytta av befintliga kretsar pĂ„ optiska grĂ€nssnittsenheten skulle en digital integrator kunna implemente-ras. I arbetet har en integratorfunktion skapats i Matlab för att Ă„terskapa signalen. En skalfaktor bestĂ€mdes för att minimera amplitudskillnaden mellan referensgivare och Rogowski-signalen. Arbetet visar att strömmĂ€tning med Rogowski-spole dĂ€r frekvensen varieras medför en amplitudskillnad mellan referensgivare och Rogowski-spole. Amplitudskillnaden har en linjĂ€r trend och skulle kunna motverkas genom en frekvenskoefficient. I arbe-tet diskuteras Ă€ven förslag pĂ„ ytterligare tester som borde utföras för att identifiera hur olika faktorer pĂ„verkar en strömmĂ€tning

    Wedge insole as treatment method for knee osteoarthritis compared with natural insole, a systematic review

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    Bakgrund: MĂ„nga individer oftast Ă€ldre drabbas av gonartros, denna diagnos kan orsaka smĂ€rta och nedsatt funktion vilket i sin tur kan leda till begrĂ€nsningar i det dagliga livet. Detta Ă€r en systematisk litteraturöversikt över studier som har undersökt laterala kil-inlĂ€gg som behandlingsmetod för att minska smĂ€rta och förbĂ€ttra funktion hos patienter med medial gonartros. Syfte: Att studera om laterala kil-inlĂ€gg leder till reducerad smĂ€rta och frĂ€mjad funktion jĂ€mfört med neutrala inlĂ€gg. Vidare utreds ocksĂ„ om resultatet Ă€r baserat pĂ„ olika undergrupper. Metod: En systematisk sökning i databaserna PubMed, MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL och Cochrane Library utfördes för att hitta relevanta studier som sedan inkluderades utifrĂ„n förutbestĂ€mda kriterier. Data analyserades utifrĂ„n dessa artiklar för att besvara frĂ„gestĂ€llningen i detta arbete. Artiklarnas evidens och validitet/reliabilitet har bedömts. Resultat: Resultaten visar att laterala kilinlĂ€gg inte ger reducerad smĂ€rta och frĂ€mjad funktion. Det finns heller inga samband kopplat till undergrupperna som studeras i denna systematiska översikt. Slussats: Det finns i denna rapport blandat med bevis för huruvida laterala kilinlĂ€gg reducerar smĂ€rta och frĂ€mjar funktion. Även om ett antal studier pĂ„visar positiva effekter Ă€r detta inte tillrĂ€ckligt för att pĂ„ ett statistiskt signifikant sĂ€tt sĂ€ga att det hjĂ€lper. Det gĂ„r inte att sĂ€ga om behandlingen Ă€r mer lĂ€mpad för nĂ„gon specifik undergrupp.Background: Many individuals often the elderly suffering of gonatros, this diagnosis can cause pain and impaired function which in turn can lead to limitations in daily living. This is a systematic review of studies that have investigated lateral wedged insoles as a treatment to reduce pain and improve function in patients with medial gonartros. Aim: To study whether lateral wedge insoles lead to reduced pain and improved function compared with neutral insoles. Furthermore, it is also investigated if the result is based on different sub-groups. Method: A systematic search in the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL and Cochrane Library was performed to find relevant studies which then were included based of predetermined criteria. Data from these articles where analysed to answer our question in this paper. The articles were examined for risk of bias and validity/reliability. Results: The results show that lateral wedge insoles do not reduce pain and improve function. There are also no signs that a certain sub-group would be more suited for the treatment. Conclusion: There is in this paper a contradictory result of whether lateral wedge insoles reduce pain and improve function. Although several studies indicate positive effects it is not enough to prove in a statistically significant way that it helps. It is not possible to say whether the treatment is more suitable for any specific subgroup

    Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Stimulates Osteopontin Expression in the Vasculature via Endothelin-1 and CREB.

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    Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone with extrapancreatic effects beyond glycemic control. Here we demonstrate unexpected effects of GIP signaling in the vasculature. GIP induces the expression of the pro-atherogenic cytokine osteopontin (OPN) in mouse arteries, via local release of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Infusion of GIP increases plasma OPN levels in healthy individuals. Plasma ET-1 and OPN levels are positively correlated in patients with critical limb ischemia. Fasting GIP levels are higher in individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke) when compared to controls. GIP receptor (GIPR) and OPN mRNA levels are higher in carotid endarterectomies from patients with symptoms (stroke, transient ischemic attacks, amaurosis fugax) than in asymptomatic patients; and expression associates to parameters characteristic of unstable and inflammatory plaques (increased lipid accumulation, macrophage infiltration and reduced smooth muscle cell content). While GIPR expression is predominantly endothelial in healthy arteries from human, mouse, rat and pig; remarkable up-regulation is observed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells upon culture conditions yielding a "vascular disease-like" phenotype. Moreover, a common variant rs10423928 in the GIPR gene associated with increased risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes patients
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