International business operations of companies with Russian involvement in Southwestern Finland

Siirretty Doriast

Askens framtid

Asken (Fraxinus excelsior) är ett av våra ädellövsslag och dess existens hotas av den vindburna svampsjukdomen askskottsjukan. Sjukdomen upptäcktes först i Polen i början av 90-talet och spreds under en 20-årsperiod till de flesta länder i Europa. Askskottsjukan orsakas av sporsäcksvampen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus som har sitt ursprung i Asien. Sjukdomen förekommer i skogar, i kulturlandskap och i städer runt om i Europa. Träd i alla åldrar drabbas men de yngre individerna tycks mest mottagliga och uppvisar snabbt symtom i form av vissnande skott och missfärgningar på stam och grenar och dör ofta inom ett par år. Studier har visat att alla arter av ask insjuknar i askskottsjukan men i olika grad. F. excelsior är den art som visat sig mest mottaglig för sjukdomen. Handel är en stor orsak till spridningen av askskottsjukan. Skötselåtgärder och beskärning anses inte tillräckligt effektiva för att stoppa smittspridningen. Forskning i Sverige och runt om i Europa pågår för att ta fram resistent plantmaterial och förhoppningen är att askens existens och möjlighet att nå hög ålder kan säkerställas. För den biologiska mångfalden har asken stor betydelse. Forskning visar att antalet arter av bland annat insekter, lavar och mossor knutna till ask är hela 483 st i Sverige. Bland dessa finns uppskattningsvis 53 st arter som är helt beroende av asken för sin existens. Vidare hyser asken tillsammans med almen, som är starkt hotad av almsjukan, 115 st gemensamma arter som endast kan leva på eller av dessa två trädslag. Om asken och almen skulle försvinna kommer många arter knutna till dem också försvinna. En utrotningskaskad är att vänta. Vikten av att träd kan bibehålla sin vitalitet och få nå hög ålder är stor för den biologiska mångfalden. Många arter knutna till träd är helt beroende av tillgång på död ved och håligheter, vilket yngre träd sällan kan erbjuda. För att säkerställa askens fortlevnad, och därmed bevara biologisk mångfald, behövs förädling av resistent plantmaterial.Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is one of our domestic deciduous treespecies and its existence is threatened by the windborne ash dieback disease. The disease was first discovered in Poland in the early 1990s and spread over a 20-year period to most countries in Europe. Ash dieback is caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which originated in Asia. The disease occurs in forests, in cultural landscapes and in cities around Europe. Trees of all ages are affected, but the younger individuals seem most susceptible and quickly develop symptoms with wilting shoots and discolorations on trunks and branches and often die within a couple of years. Scientific research has shown that all species of ash are affected by ash dieback but to varying degrees. F. excelsior is the species that has been shown to be most susceptible to the disease. Trade is a major cause of the spread of ash dieback. Tree management and pruning are not considered effective enough to stop the spread of infection. Scientific research in Sweden and around Europe is ongoing to develop resistant plant material and the hope is that the ash's existence and opportunity to reach old age can be ensured. Ash is of great importance for biodiversity. Research shows that the number of species of for example insects, lichens and mosses associated with ash is as high as 483 in Sweden. Among these are an estimated 53 species obligated with ash. Furthermore, ash together with the elm, which is strongly threatened by elm disease, holds 115 species who can only that can only live on or by these two tree species. If the ash and elm were to go extinct, many other species would also disappear. An extinction cascade is to be expected. The importance of trees being able to maintain their vitality and reach old age is advantageous for biodiversity. Many species associated with trees are completely dependent on the availability of dead wood and cavities, which younger trees can rarely offer. To ensure the survival of the ash, and thereby preserving biodiversity, breeding resistant plant material is needed

Management of Information Systems Outsourcing: Challenges and Lessons Learned

To be successful in Information Systems (IS) outsourcing the necessity of better management practices has been pointed out.This research contributes to the knowledge base on management of IS outsourcing by addressing management of ISoutsourcing relationships. The research describes two cases of IS outsourcing relationships that differ in type of activityoutsourced, IS development versus IS maintenance and operation, and relationship composition. From the cases lessonslearnt are identified which with support from IS outsourcing literature are proposed as propositions for management of ISoutsourcing. It can be concluded that if the propositions, related to negotiation, communication and way of working, areadopted in an early stage they could contribute to successful IS outsourcing relationships. Another conclusion is that the ISoutsourcing management approach should not differ between type of IS activity outsourced, but rather reflect the nature ofthe IS activity; if it is a simple or complex activity

Owner’s perspective of aftercare after abdominal surgery in horses : through interviews with horse owners and reviewing of home care advices

Eftervård av en häst som bukopererats till följd av kolik är en tidskrävande uppgift för djurägaren och den postoperativa perioden innehåller flera komplikationsrisker. Med anledning av detta är det viktigt med ett tydligt hemgångsråd för att minska risken för komplikationer samt för att djurägaren ska känna sig trygg i att ta över det fulla ansvaret för hästen vid hemgång. I det här kandidatarbetet samlades hemgångsråd in från fem av de sex svenska hästkliniker och djursjukhus som utför bukkirurgi på häst. Hemgångsråden granskades och analyserades med avseende på rekommendationer gällande hagvistelse, motion, utfodring, sårvård och suturtagning. Hemgångsråden från klinikerna hade mycket gemensamt, men skiljde sig åt på vissa punkter. Resultatet som erhölls utifrån granskning av hemgångsråd och genom litteraturstudien visade att en successiv ökning av hästens motion och hagens storlek var det mest fördelaktiga i rehabiliteringen efter en bukoperation. Utfodring spelade också en central roll för hästens återhämtning. Utfallet visade att hästen helst bör äta en grovfoderbaserad foderstat i den första postoperativa perioden. Kraftfoder bör till en början undvikas för att sedan, vid behov, introduceras långsamt. Litteraturen och de flesta hemgångsråd var överens om att suturtagning bör ske tio till fjorton dagar efter operationen och att hästen bör ha bukbandage tre till fem dagar efter att suturerna avlägsnats. Intervjuer utfördes med tre djurägare vars häst bukopererats till följd av kolik på en svensk hästklinik under år 2019. I intervjuerna undersöktes hur djurägarna upplevt det skriftliga hemgångsrådet samt stödet från kliniken efter hemgång. Samtliga djurägare var överlag nöjda med de skriftliga hemgångsråden och stödet de erhållit från kliniken. Två djurägare påpekade dock att deras hemgångsråd inte var anpassade efter hästens ålder, vilket resulterade i vissa oklarheter kring motion och hagvistelse. Djurägarna var alla positivt inställda till att vid behov låta bukoperera sin häst i framtiden. Sammanfattningsvis kunde en skillnad mellan klinikernas hemgångsråd observeras. Detta skulle kunna bero på att det bara finns en begränsad mängd vetenskaplig litteratur inom området. På grund av detta har klinikerna och djursjukhusen eventuellt fått förlita sig på beprövad erfarenhet och personliga preferenser istället för vetenskapliga studier. Forskning kring djurägarens upplevelser vid bukoperation av häst var även den bristfällig. Mer forskning inom båda dessa områden erfordras för att kunna utveckla och förbättra eftervården av hästar som bukopererats till följd av kolik.The aftercare of a horse that has undergone laparotomy due to colic is a time-consuming task for the horse owner and the postoperative period contains many risk factors. It is therefore important that the horse owner receives a home care advice that is easy to understand and to implement in their daily routine. A good home care advice reduces the risk of complications and can make the horse owner feel more confident in taking full responsibility for the aftercare of the horse. In this bachelor's thesis home care advices were collected from five out of six Swedish horse clinics and animal hospitals who perform laparotomy on horses. The home care advices were reviewed and analyzed with focus on the recommendations regarding pasture time, exercise, feeding, wound care and stitch removal. The home care advices from the horse clinics and animal hospitals had a lot in common but differed in certain aspects. The result from the review of the home care advices and the literature study showed that a gradual increase in exercise and pasture size was the most advantageous in the postoperative rehabilitation for the horse after laparotomy. Feeding was also of great importance in the recovery. The results showed that the horse initially should be fed a roughage-based diet and that concentrate feed should be avoided at first and then slowly introduced, if the horse needs it. The literature and a majority of the home care advices agreed that stitch removal should be done ten to fourteen days post-surgery and that the horse may need an abdominal bandage for three to five days after that. Three horse owners whose horse went through laparotomy as a result of colic at a Swedish horse clinic in the year of 2019 were interviewed. In the interviews the horse owners were asked about their experiences regarding the home care advice and the support they received from the clinic. All horse owners were generally satisfied with the written home care advice and the support from the clinic. Two owners however pointed out that their home care advice did not consider the age of the horse or it’s area of use, which led to some confusion regarding exercise and pasture turnout. All the horse owners had a positive attitude towards having their horse going through laparotomy if needed in the future. In summary, some differences between the horse clinics’ home care advice were identified. This could be due to insufficient scientific literature discussing the subject. As a result the horse clinics may have had to rely on experience and personal preferences. Research regarding horse owners’ experiences when their horses are going through abdominal surgery was also limited. More research in these areas is needed to develop and improve the aftercare of horses undergoing laparotomy due to colic

Salinity effects on cadmium concentrations in blue mussels in the Baltic Sea

This bachelor’s essay is a review written at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences on suggestion from the Swedish Museum of Natural History. The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of how the salinity in the Baltic Sea affects the concentrations of cadmium (Cd) observed in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, and to be able to predict more accurate future trends of the bioavailable Cd. Cadmium is a heavy metal that deposits to the Baltic Sea by runoff, point sources and atmospheric deposition. Cadmium is toxic to aquatic organisms and may bioaccumulate. Blue mussels feed by filtering the water. Through the filtration the mussel is contaminated by chemical pollutants, which means that chemical analysis of mussels can reflect how contaminated a habitat is. The mussels are suitable biomonitors since they are sedentary, easy to collect, abundant and large enough for tissue analysis. In the Baltic Sea there is a salinity gradient with decreasing salinity from west to east and from south to north. The surface water has lower salinity compared to the deep water. The mussel size is affected by the salinity with smaller mussels in less salty waters due to stress. The amount of soluble cadmium in water is increasing with salinity since the salt is competing with Cd for adsorption sites on particles and the formation of soluble chloride complexes are increasing. However, since the chloride complexes are not bioavailable, the bioavailability of cadmium is increasing with decreasing salinity. At the surface zooplanktons take up Cd from the water and in deeper layers it is released again by the decomposition by detritus, creating a vertical gradient. In deeper waters, below the detritus, the concentration is relatively constant. While using organisms to examine pollutants, biological variations must be considered. One way to eliminate influences from individual differences is to put the cadmium concentration in the soft tissue in relation to the mussel shells. Different body parts contain different concentrations of Cd. How the concentration is divided between the body parts is however indefinitely, since different experiments have shown different results

Växtmaterial på bostadsgårdar

Bostadsgårdarnas miljö påverkas av den tidsperiod då gården är byggd. Historien bär på både bra och dåliga exempel på artval och växtanvändning. På 40- och 50-talen var naturen och inhemska arter i fokus, medan 60-talets gårdar gavs ett monotonare utseende med framförallt tidstypisk Berberis thunbergii. Växterna är en viktig del för de boendes trivsel men utgör samtidigt en kostnad för förvaltare. Fel växtval leder ofta till onödiga skötselkostnader på sikt. Bättre kunskap i växtmateriallära gör att kostnader på grund av fel växtval kan undvikas. Detta kandidatarbete undersöker det växtmaterial som landskapsarkitekten använder på dagens bostadsgårdar och behandlar tre huvudfrågor: vilka växter används, hur används de och vad påverkar valet av art? Växtmaterialet som undersöks avgränsas i arbetet till träd och buskar då dessa är av störst betydelse för rumsbildningen på bostadsgården. Intervjuer med verksamma landskapsarkitekter och med svenska partiplantskolor samt en fallstudie av fem nyanlagda bostadsgårdar i Uppsala utgör kärnan i arbetet. Resultatet tyder på att växter idag väljs efter funktion, men att tydliga trender förekommer. Storleken på gården tycks vara avgörande då småväxta träd- och buskarter efterfrågas. Jag vill med arbetet ge en samtidsbild av det växtmaterial som landskapsarkitekten använder på bostadsgårdar och vad som ligger till grund för växtvalen.The appearance of residential yards is affected by the era in which the yard was built. The history carries examples of both good and bad choices of plant species and the usage of them. Nature and native species were in style in the 1940-50s, while the 1960s residential yards were given a more monotonous appearance with above all the characteristic Berberis thunbergii. The plants are an important part of the residents’ well-being but are also a cost for managers. Wrong choice of plants often leads to unnecessary maintenance costs in the long term. Better knowledge of plant material allows that costs due to the wrong choice of plants can be avoided. This work explores which plant material the landscape architect prefers to use in residential yards today and addresses three major questions: which plants are commonly used, how is the plant material used and what affects the choice of species? This paper is limited to only trees and shrubs since they have the biggest impact on the spatiality of the residential yard. This thesis involves interviews with active landscape architects and with Swedish nursery gardens as well as a case study of five newly constructed residential yards in Uppsala. The study implies that functionality is critical in the choice of species, but that clear trends exist. The size of the yard seems to be crucial, as small trees and shrubs are requested. With this thesis, I want to give a contemporary picture of which planting material the landscape architect uses in residential yards and on which basis the choices are made

Kasvojen 3D-kuvantaminen ortognaattisilla potilailla

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimuksen aiheena on tutkia ortognaattisten potilaiden pehmytkudosmuutoksia kovakudoksiin kohdistuvan leikkauksen jälkeen. Ortognaattiset potilaat ovat potilaita, joilla siirretään kirurgisesti joko ylä- tai alaleukaa tai molempia leukoja eteen- tai taaksepäin. Tutkimus on retrospektiivinen. Leikkauksen jälkeisiä muutoksia verrattiin leikkausta ennen vallinneeseen tilanteeseen kasvoprofiilikuvien ja värikarttojen avulla. Tutkimukseen käytettiin potilasdokumenttia, joka oli saatavilla Oulun yliopistollisesta sairaalasta. Potilaita tutkimuksessa oli 13. Potilaat kuvattiin kolmiulotteiseksi kuvaksi ennen ja jälkeen kirurgiaa. Leikkauksen jälkeen potilaat saatettiin kuvata useitakin kertoja leikkaustuloksen seuraamiseksi. Leikkausta ennen ja leikkauksen jälkeen otetut kuvat laitettiin tietokoneella päällekkäin ja saatiin värikartta, joka havainnollistaa muutosten suuruuden värien avulla. Punainen tarkoittaa alueen tulevan eteenpäin ja sininen alueen siirtymistä taaksepäin. Vihreä merkitsee alueen pysymistä paikoillaan. Tutkimuksessa tutkittiin värikarttamenetelmällä kolmiulotteisesti siirtyvätkö pehmytkudokset kirurgian jälkeen kovakudosten mukana ja jos hypoteesin mukaisesti siirtyvät, onko muutos pehmytkudoksissa samaa luokkaa kuin kovakudoksissa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että kovakudoksia siirrettäessä pehmytkudos tavallisesti seuraa kovakudoksia sagittaalisessa ramusosteotomiassa, mutta Le Fort I osteotomiassa muutos ei ole näin yksioikoinen. Le Fort I osteotomiassa pehmytkudos saattaa siirtyä myös taaksepäin kovakudoksia eteenpäin siirrettäessä. Kun tiedetään pehmytkudoksen siirtymisen suunta ja suuruus kovakudoksia siirrettäessä, voidaan leikkaustulosta arvioida etukäteen. Tämä on tärkeää leikkauksen lopputulosta arvioitaessa. Visuaalisesta mallintamisesta on apua leikkaavalle kirurgille leikkausta suunniteltaessa sekä myös potilaille, jotka harkitsevat leikkaukseen osallistumista

大隈家雉子橋旧邸諸建築及修繕入費等書類 [書写資料]

雑 / 和装 / 明治13年12月kosh

Diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability of the Swedish version of the 4AT assessment test for delirium detection, in a mixed patient population and setting

Background: Delirium is common in older hospitalized patients. It has serious consequences e.g., poor health outcomes, mortality and increased costs. Despite that, many cases are undetected. Early detection of delirium is important in improving outcomes and use of assessment tools improves detection rates. The 4AT is a brief screening tool for delirium detection, which has not previously been translated into Swedish. The study aim was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability of a Swedish version of the screening tool 4AT for delirium detection. Method: This diagnostic test accuracy study used a quantitative and a qualitative approach and evaluated the patients’ and the health care professionals’ experiences of the tool. Study included 200 patients ≥65 years from a university hospital and a county hospital in two Swedish regions. Medical specialties were geriatric stroke/neurology, geriatric multimorbidity, severe cognitive impairment, orthopaedic, and urology. The translated 4AT was tested against the reference standard DSM-IV-TR criteria, based on the Organic Brain Syndrome scale and patient records. The 4AT was assessed simultaneously and independently by two assessors. Additionally, data was collected through patient record reviews, and questions about applicability to the patients (n = 200) and the assessors (n = 37). Statistical analyses, and qualitative content analyses were conducted. Results: By reference standard 18% had delirium, and by 4AT 19%. The overall percent agreement was 88%, AUROC 0.808, sensitivity 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.84) and specificity 0.92 (95% CI 0.87–0.96). In the ward for severe cognitive impairment (n = 63) the 4AT was less sensitive and less specific. In the other wards (n = 132) sensitivity was 0.77 (95% CI 0.50–0.93), specificity 0.93 (95% CI 0.87–0.97), and AUROC 0.848. Interrater reliability (Kappa) was 0.918, p = \u3c 0.001 (n = 144). The 4AT was well tolerated by patients, easy to use for health care professionals, and took a few minutes to conduct. Conclusion: The Swedish version of 4AT is an accurate and applicable tool to use in clinical practice for detecting delirium in hospitalized patients across different medical specialities, and to use by different professionals and levels of seniority. To improve patient outcomes, we recommend the 4AT to be incorporated in clinical practice in health care settings in Sweden

Antioxidant intake, plasma antioxidants and oxidative stress in a randomized, controlled, parallel, Mediterranean dietary intervention study on patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND: Previously we have reported that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) obtained a significant reduction in disease activity by adopting a Mediterranean-type diet. The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant intake, the plasma levels of antioxidants and a marker of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) during the study presented earlier. METHODS: RA patients randomized to either a Mediterranean type diet (MD group; n = 26) or a control diet (CD group; n = 25) were compared during a three month dietary intervention study. Their antioxidant intake was assessed by means of diet history interviews and their intake of antioxidant-rich foods by a self-administered questionnaire. The plasma levels of retinol, antioxidants (α- and γ-tocopherol, β-carotene, lycopene, vitamin C and uric acid) and urinary malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker for oxidative stress, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The Student's t-test for independent samples and paired samples were used to test differences between and within groups. For variables with skewed distributions Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were performed. To evaluate associations between dietary intake of antioxidants, as well as between disease activity, MDA and antioxidants we used Pearson's product moment correlation or Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: The MD group had significantly higher intake frequencies of antioxidant-rich foods, and also higher intakes of vitamin C (p = 0.014), vitamin E (p = 0.007) and selenium (p = 0.004), and a lower intake of retinol (p = 0.049), compared to the CD group. However, the difference between the groups regarding vitamin C intake was not significant when under- and over-repoters were excluded (p = 0.066). There were no changes in urine MDA or in the plasma levels of antioxidants (after p-lipid adjustments of the tocopherol results), from baseline to the end of the study. The levels of retinol, vitamin C and uric acid were negatively correlated to disease activity variables. No correlation was found between antioxidant intake and the plasma levels of antioxidants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an increase in reported consumption of antioxidant-rich foods during the Mediterranean diet intervention, the levels of plasma antioxidants and urine MDA did not change. However, the plasma levels of vitamin C, retinol and uric acid were inversely correlated to variables related to RA disease activity