Deciding on a college major: commitment trajectories, career exploration, and academic well-being

"Ziel der vorliegenden Tagebuchstudie war die Erfassung der Mikro-Entwicklungsprozesse von Commitment und Exploration im Übergang von der Schule in die Hochschule. Im Mittelpunkt stand die Untersuchung der Entwicklungsverläufe von 33 Abiturient/-innen im Zeitraum der Studienentscheidung nach dem Ende der Schulzeit. Den Jugendlichen wurde zwischen Abiturprüfung und Einschreibung an einer Hochschule wöchentlich ein standardisierter Fragebogen vorgelegt. Zusätzlich wurde am Ende des ersten Semesters an der Hochschule das akademische Wohlbefinden (Studienzufriedenheit, Passungserleben und Studienabbruchintentionen) mittels eines Follow-Up-Fragebogens erfasst. Die Datenauswertung der Tagebuchstudie zum Commitment ergab eine Zuordnung der Jugendlichen zu einem von drei theoretisch abgeleiteten Entwicklungsverläufen: Entschieden (Jugendliche, die sich bereits früh im Entscheidungsprozess auf nur eine Studienoption festgelegt hatten), Verengend (Jugendliche, die über die Zeit ihre Festlegung auf eine Option verengten) und Suchend (Jugendliche mit geringen und wechselnden Festlegungen). Es zeigten sich zudem Unterschiede zwischen diesen Gruppen im Explorationsverhalten während des Entscheidungsprozesses und hinsichtlich des akademischen Wohlbefindens. Suchende Jugendliche explorierten wenig in die Tiefe und berichteten geringeres akademisches Wohlbefinden als entschiedene und verengende Jugendliche." (Autorenreferat)"In this weekly diary study we followed thirty-three adolescents through the transition from school to college and focused on the micro-level processes of commitment and exploration while adolescents decided on their college major. Between their final exams at school and their enrolment in college they completed standardized diaries once a week. Nine months later at the end of their first semester in college, adolescents reported on their academic well-being (satisfaction with college major, perceived fit regarding interests and expectations, and drop-out intentions). We assigned the participants to one of three theoretically derived commitment trajectories: decided (adolescents who had committed themselves to one option early in the process and implemented their choice), narrowing (adolescents who narrowed down to one favorite option), and searching (adolescents with low and changing commitments), and found meaningful differences in exploration processes and subsequent academic well-being. Searching adolescents explored particularly little in-depth information about their future studies and showed worse academic well-being than decided and narrowing adolescents." (author's abstract

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing two Cognitive-Behavioral Programs for Adolescent Girls with Subclinical Depression: A School-Based Program (Op Volle Kracht) and a Computerized Program (SPARX)

Limited research has indicated the effectiveness of the school-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) prevention program ‘Op Volle Kracht (OVK)’ and the computerized CBT program ‘SPARX’ in decreasing depressive symptoms. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of OVK and SPARX was conducted among Dutch female adolescents (n = 208, mean age = 13.35) with elevated depressive symptoms. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: OVK only (n = 50), SPARX only (n = 51), OVK and SPARX combined (n = 56) and a monitoring control condition (n = 51). Participants in the first three conditions received OVK lessons and/or the SPARX game. Depressive symptoms were assessed before interventions started, weekly during the interventions, and immediately after the interventions ended, with follow-up assessments at 3, 6 and 12 months. Intention to treat results showed that depressive symptoms decreased in all conditions (F(12, 1853.03) = 14.62, p < .001), with no difference in depressive symptoms between conditions. Thus, all conditions, including the monitoring control condition, were equally effective in reducing depressive symptoms. Possible explanations for the decrease of depressive symptoms in all conditions are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. Dutch Trial Register: NTR3737

Common practices in detecting psychological early warning signals may lead to incorrect results

The past few years have seen a rapid growth in research on early warning signals (EWSs) in psychological systems. Whereas early studies showed that EWSs are associated with sudden changes in clinical change trajectories, later findings showed that EWSs may not be general and have low predictive power. In this study, we demonstrate that two common practices in psychological EWS studies are not warranted by theories and may lead to false-negative or false-positive results, explaining the mixed findings in the literature. These two practices are (1) using loosely-defined time windows for early warning indicators and (2) using different variables for detecting transitions and calculating early warning indicators. We first review the theoretical background of EWSs and current research practices for EWS studies. Two simulation studies with different types of system changes are used to demonstrate the possible consequences of the two practices. In Study 1, we show that when the time window for early warning indicators is not strictly before the transition, the transition process itself and the system dynamics after the transition may confound the result. In Study 2, we show that when the transition and early warning indicators are measured from different variables in the same system, the predictive relationship may not exist. Based on our findings, we provide suggestions for future EWS studies in terms of theory construction, study design, and data analysis

The Effect of Expectations on Experiences and Engagement with an Applied Game for Mental Health

Objective: Applied games are considered a promising approach to deliver mental health interventions. Nonspecific factors such as expectations and motivation may be crucial to optimize effectiveness yet have not been examined so far. The current study examined the effect of expectations for improvement on (1) experienced fun and positive affect, and (2) in-game play behaviors while playing MindLight, an applied game shown to reduce anxiety. The secondary aim was to examine the moderating role of symptom severity and motivation to change. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven participants (47 females; 17-21 years old) preselected on anxiety symptoms viewed a trailer in which MindLight was promoted as either a mental health or an entertainment game. These trailers were used to induce different expectations in participants. Participants subsequently played the game for 60 minutes. Before playing, participants filled out questionnaires about their general anxiety symptoms, motivation to change, state anxiety, affect, and arousal. While playing, in-game behaviors and galvanic skin response (GSR) were recorded continuously. After playing, state anxiety, affect, and arousal were measured again as well as experienced fun. Results: Participants in both trailer conditions showed increases in state anxiety, arousal, and GSR. Expectations did not influence experienced fun and positive affect, nor in-game behaviors. In addition, no moderation effects of motivation to change and symptom severity were found. Conclusion: Experiences and engagement with MindLight were not influenced by expectations, motivation to change, and symptom severity. For future research, it is recommended to examine individual differences in these effects, and long-term and more distal outcomes and processes

From Wellbeing to Social Media and Back:A Multi-Method Approach to Assessing the Bi-Directional Relationship Between Wellbeing and Social Media Use

Literature concerning the relationship between social media use and wellbeing is inconsistent in its findings, and most research has focused on time spent on social media rather than on what emerging adults do there, with whom and why. Here, we investigated whether momentary social stress affects emerging adults' social media use, and whether this social media use relates to subsequent changes in wellbeing. We implemented a multi-method paradigm utilising objective and self-report data to investigate how social stress relates to how (much) and why emerging adults use social media. We report on findings based on 114 17-25-year-old emerging adults recruited on university campus. Our findings suggest that social stress does not affect adolescents' subsequent social media use and that there is no relationship between social media use after stress and changes in momentary wellbeing. Our work illustrates the need for detailed approaches in social media and psychological wellbeing research.</p

Clinical expressions, characteristics and treatments of confirmed COVID-19 in nursing home residents : a systematic review

Background: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a high rate of infections, frequent outbreaks, and high mortality rates in nursing homes (NH) worldwide. To protect and improve the treatment and care of the vulnerable NH population, it is pivotal to systematise and synthesise data from cases of COVID-19 among NH residents. In our systematic review, we therefore aimed to describe the clinical expressions, characteristics, and treatments of NH residents confirmed to have COVID-19. Methods: We conducted two comprehensive literature searches in several electronic databases: (1) PubMed, (2) CINAHL, (3) AgeLine, (4) Embase, and (5) PsycINFO in April and July 2021. Of the 438 articles screened, 19 were included in our sample, and we used the Newcastle–Ottawa Assessment Scale to assess the quality of the reported studies. A weighted mean (Mweighted), was calculated to account for the large variation in sample sizes of the studies, and due to heterogeneity among the studies, we report our findings in a narrative synthesis. Results: According to the mean weights (Mweighted), common symptoms and signs in NH residents confirmed to have COVID-19 were fever (53.7%), cough (56.5%), hypoxia (32.3%), and delirium or confusion (31.2%). Common comorbidities were hypertension (78.6%), dementia or cognitive impairment (55.3%), and cardiovascular diseases (52.0%). Six studies presented data concerning medical and pharmacological treatments, such as inhalers, oxygen supplementation, anticoagulation, and parenteral/enteral fluids or nutrition. The treatments were used to improve outcomes, as part of palliative care, or as end-of-life treatment. Transfers to hospital for NH residents with confirmed COVID-19 were reported in six of the included studies, and the rate of hospital transfers ranged from 6.9% to 50% in this population. In the 17 studies reporting mortality, 40.2% of the NH residents died during the studies’ observation periods. Conclusions: Our systematic review allowed us to summarise important clinical findings about COVID-19 among NH residents and to identify the population’s risk factors for serious illness and death caused by the disease. However, the treatment and care of NH residents with severe COVID-19 warrant further investigation.publishedVersio

simlandr:Simulation-Based Landscape Construction for Dynamical Systems

We present the simlandr package for R, which provides a set of tools for constructing potential landscapes for dynamic systems using Monte Carlo simulation. Potential landscapes can be used to quantify the stability of system states. While the canonical form of a potential function is defined for gradient systems, generalized potential functions can also be defined for non-gradient dynamical systems. Our method is based on the potential landscape definition by Wang, Xu, and Wang (2008), and can be used for a large variety of models. Using two multistable dynamical systems as examples, we illustrate how simlandr can be used for model simulation, landscape construction, and barrier height calculation

Kan kompleksitetsteori bidra til bedre forståelse og tiltak ved aggresjon, overgrep og forsømmelser i sykehjem?

Sammendrag: Utfra vår erfaring og forskning vet vi at hendelser med aggresjon, overgrep og forsømmelse i sykehjem har en sterk sammenheng, opptrer ofte samtidig, og har flere sammenfallende determinanter. De er vanligvis komplekse fenomener som har en tendens til å gjenta seg, og som praksisfeltet opplever som krevende. Tradisjonelt er vi opplært til å tenke lineært om slike hendelser, dvs. at det finnes en eller flere årsaker vi kan gjøre noe med ved å sette inn noen generelle tiltak som f.eks. tradisjonell opplæring, kurs og forelesninger. Vi stiller spørsmål med om denne lineære måten å forstå aggresjon, overgrep og forsømmelser på, er tilstrekkelig for å tilnærme seg og forebygge disse hendelsene. I denne artikkelen vil vi diskutere hvordan vi ved bruk av kompleksitetsteori kan endre vår forståelse av disse fenomenene og sammenhengen mellom beboeren, ansatte, relasjonene de alle inngår i og konteksten sykehjemmet og samfunnet. En slik forståelse kan også være viktig i utviklingen av effektive modeller for forebygging og tilnærming i praksis. For å underbygge hvordan konsepter fra kompleksitetsteori kan bidra til endringer i vår forståelse av og vår tilnærming til disse fenomenene, har vi anvendt empiri fra våre to dr. gradsprosjekter: Utvikling og evaluering av TID, Tverrfaglig Intervensjonsmodell ved utfordrende atferd ved Demens (TID-studien) og Lederskapets rolle for å fremme pasientsikkerhet og forebygge vold, overgrep og forsømmelser i sykehjem (Ledelse- og pasientsikkerhetsstudien). Nøkkelord: kompleksitet, kompleksitetsteori, aggresjon, overgrep, forsømmelse, wicked problems, TID, ledelse, sykehjem. Can complexity theory contribute to a better understanding and more appropriate measures for aggression, abuse, and neglect in nursing homes?submittedVersio

Patterns of motivating teaching behaviour and student engagement:A microanalytic approach

Positive student engagement is a prerequisite for students' educational success. In this study, a microanalytic approach was used to explore patterns in teachers' use of specific motivating teaching behaviours from the perspective of self-determination theory in relation to indicators of students' positive engagement. The lessons of 52 teachers were observed and event-based coded. Results showed that specifically asking motivating questions and providing positive feedback and support during exercises were associated with subsequent positive student engagement. Unexpectedly, some demotivating teaching behaviours were also found to relate to positive student engagement, although to a lesser extent. Implications and directions for future research are discussed

From metaphor to computation:Constructing the potential landscape for multivariate psychological formal models

For psychological formal models, the stability of different phases is an important property for understanding individual differences and change processes. Many researchers use landscapes as a metaphor to illustrate the concept of stability, but so far there is no method to quantify the stability of a system’s phases. We here propose a method to construct the potential landscape for multivariate psychological models. This method is based on the generalized potential function defined by Wang et al. (2008) and Monte Carlo simulation. Based on potential landscapes we define three different types of stability for psychological phases: absolute stability, relative stability, and geometric stability. The panic disorder model by Robinaugh et al. (2019) is used as an example, to demonstrate how the method can be used to quantify the stability of states and phases, illustrate the influence of model parameters, and guide model modifications. An R package, simlandr, was developed to provide an implementation of the method