Quo vadis Luxembourg? European case-law in the area of gambling

Zusammenfassung: Der Europäische Gerichtshof beschäftigte sich bereits in einer Vielzahl von Fällen mit der Vereinbarkeit von nationalem Glücksspielrecht mit dem Gemeinschaftsrecht. Es wurde erwartet, dass die aktuelle Placanica-Entscheidung und zwei darauf folgende Urteile des EFTA-Gerichtshofes zur norwegischen Rechtsetzung einen neuen Meilenstein setzen würden. Haben diese Entscheidungen jedoch tatsächlich einen der strittigsten Punkte des Primärrechts der Gemeinschaft revolutioniert, vorherige Urteile weiterentwickelt oder lediglich den bisher eingeschlagenen Weg bestätigt? Welche Konsequenzen können sich möglicherweise aus diesen Urteilen ergeben? Der vorliegende Artikel versucht, die vom EuGH aufgestellten Kriterien bezüglich Rechtfertigung und Verhältnismäßigkeit der nationalen Beschränkungen im Bereich der Dienstleistungs- und Niederlassungsfreiheit zu analysieren. Vor rechtswissenschaftlichem Hintergrund werden die Defizite erläutert und die Schwierigkeiten, mit welchen die nationalen Institutionen bei der Anwendung und Interpretation dieser Prinzipien zu kämpfen haben. Bis zur Placanica-Entscheidung herrschte wenig Klarheit. Der den Mitgliedstaaten durch den EuGH ehemals gewährte große Spielraum und die späteren Versuche, diesen wieder zu begrenzen, führten nicht zu einer klaren Bestimmbarkeit von gemeinschaftsrechtskompatiblen Beschränkungen. Speziell die Argumentation des EFTA-Gerichtshofes kann nun als ein präziser Indikator für eine Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung auf nationaler Ebene herangezogen werden. Ein kurzer Vergleich mit EuGH Rechtsprechung in anderen sensiblen Bereichen und mögliche Lösungswege über das Primärrecht vervollständigen die Analys

Capacity Utilisation, Constraintes and Price Adjustments under the Microscope

This paper analyses the interplay of capacity utilisation, capacity constraints, demand constraints and price adjustments, employing a unique firm-level data set for Swiss manufacturing firms. Theoretically, capacity constraints limit the ability of firms to expand production in the short run and lead to increases in prices. Our results show that, on the one hand, price increases are more likely during periods when firms are faced with capacity constraints. Constraints due to the shortage of labour, in particular, lead to price increases. On the other hand, we also find evidence that firms are not reluctant to reduce prices in response to demand constraints. At the macro level, the implied capacity-utilisation Phillips curve has a convex shape during periods of excess demand and a concave shape during periods of excess supply. Our results are robust to the inclusion of proxies for changes in costs and the competitive position of firms.price setting, capacity utilisation, capacity constraints, demand constraints,non-linear Phillips curve, Switzerland

Brief of Amici Curiae Private International Law Scholars in Support of Petitioner, Ashot Yegiazaryan, aka Ashot Egiazaryan v Vitaly Ivanovich Smagin, et al

Amicus Curiae brief in a case in the United States Supreme Court, 6 March 202

Medical Student Perspectives on Opioid Use Disorders: An Innovative MAT Waiver Training Integration during IM Clerkships

The opioid epidemic in the US has become a major issue in healthcare. In 2017, there was an estimated 72,306 drug overdose related deaths and Emergency Departments (ED) nationally saw a 30% increase in opioid related overdoses. Innovative programs can help ensure patients are offered optimal treatment options. Most primary care physicians self-report they lack the skills to identify and appropriately treat substance abuse disorders (SUDs). Studies have suggested that the best solution is to improve medical school curricula, which translates to better educated future physicians. Unfortunately, due to timing and exposure constraints, most medical school programs do not provide the necessary information to successfully manage and treat SUDs in practice. To prescribe buprenorphine, an 8-hour Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) training must be completed. Only 35,604 of the approximate 800,000 US physicians (\u3c3%) are registered to prescribe buprenorphine. We implemented an innovative approach to provide students with the skills to understand how to prescribe buprenorphine and build confidence to medically manage opioid use disorders in the future. By completing the training students will be eligible for a their MAT waiver upon obtaining their permanent license. Prior to integrating the training into the internal medicine clerkship, a preliminary study similar in nature was performed that focused on first and second year medical students perspectives. The results were analyzed and presented, and based on the positive results of the study, it was decided to implement the study into the internal medicine clerkship during the third year of medical school

State of Collective Redress in the EU in the Context of the Implementation of the Commission Recommandation

According to the Commission Recommendation (2013/396/EU), Member States should have collective redress mechanisms available to achieve EU policy objectives such as better enforcement of European Union law, protection of consumers, improvement of access to justice, better efficiency of justice systems, avoidance of abusive litigation and an effective right to compensation. The Recommendation provides for its implementation by July 2015 and for a reassessment of the collective redress landscape across the EU by July 2017. The present study carries out a first assessment and its output will assist the Commission in evaluating if the Recommendation has led to the introduction or development of efficient collective redress regimes in the Members States; whether these regimes coherently take into account the principles set out by the Recommendation; and whether the Recommendation has achieved its policy goals

Integrins promote axonal regeneration after injury of the nervous system.

Integrins are cell surface receptors that form the link between extracellular matrix molecules of the cell environment and internal cell signalling and the cytoskeleton. They are involved in several processes, e.g. adhesion and migration during development and repair. This review focuses on the role of integrins in axonal regeneration. Integrins participate in spontaneous axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system through binding to various ligands that either inhibit or enhance their activation and signalling. Integrin biology is more complex in the central nervous system. Integrins receptors are transported into growing axons during development, but selective polarised transport of integrins limits the regenerative response in adult neurons. Manipulation of integrins and related molecules to control their activation state and localisation within axons is a promising route towards stimulating effective regeneration in the central nervous system

Gene-Network Analysis Identifies Susceptibility Genes Related to Glycobiology in Autism

The recent identification of copy-number variation in the human genome has opened up new avenues for the discovery of positional candidate genes underlying complex genetic disorders, especially in the field of psychiatric disease. One major challenge that remains is pinpointing the susceptibility genes in the multitude of disease-associated loci. This challenge may be tackled by reconstruction of functional gene-networks from the genes residing in these loci. We applied this approach to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and identified the copy-number changes in the DNA of 105 ASD patients and 267 healthy individuals with Illumina Humanhap300 Beadchips. Subsequently, we used a human reconstructed gene-network, Prioritizer, to rank candidate genes in the segmental gains and losses in our autism cohort. This analysis highlighted several candidate genes already known to be mutated in cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders, including RAI1, BRD1, and LARGE. In addition, the LARGE gene was part of a sub-network of seven genes functioning in glycobiology, present in seven copy-number changes specifically identified in autism patients with limited co-morbidity. Three of these seven copy-number changes were de novo in the patients. In autism patients with a complex phenotype and healthy controls no such sub-network was identified. An independent systematic analysis of 13 published autism susceptibility loci supports the involvement of genes related to glycobiology as we also identified the same or similar genes from those loci. Our findings suggest that the occurrence of genomic gains and losses of genes associated with glycobiology are important contributors to the development of ASD