Are Intuitive Decisions Always Disadvantageous? A study of response time in decision-making under risk

Intuition is a fast expanding topic in today's economic and psychological literature. However, no concensus has been reached concerning its value in decision making. To investigate the relevance of intuitive choices in decision - making under risk, we conducted an experiment on 154 French high-school students from 3 different academies in the Ile-de-France department. Using response time as a proxy for intuition, we found that on average decisions made intuitively yielded results as beneficial as or even more so than decisions made analytically for most choices

Les lipides polaires laitiers modulent l’absorption lipidique et la lipémie postprandiale : conséquences métaboliques chez la souris

Metabolic diseases are characterized by an altered lipid metabolism and metabolic inflammation. Numerous food products contain polar lipid (PL) emulsifiers that could impact these risk factors. We evaluated the impact of using PL from milk (MPL) (i) acutely on lipid digestion and postprandial lipemia and (ii) in the longer term in addition to a high fat diet on adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation. We compared MPL to soybean PL (SPL) that is currently the main commercial source of PL.In mice, an emulsion stabilized by MPL results in a more rapid postprandial lipemia than an emulsion stabilized by SPL, with an early increase in lipemia and a faster clearance. Differences in lipemia can originate from differential kinetics of lipid hydrolysis in the mouse gut, as an increase intestinal TG hydrolysis is observed in vitro. Moreover, early MPL-derived chylomicrons are smaller than SPL-derived chylomicrons. In the longer term, compared with HF diet, HF-SPL diet increases hepatic lipids, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, with larger and more numerous adipocytes and increases expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines. This is not observed with HF-MPL diet despite similar dietary intakes. HFP-MPL mice have a lower expression in WAT of marker of macrophage infiltration and more numerous goblet cells in the colon, suggesting an improved gut barrier function with this diet.Postprandial lipemia in mice can be modulated by emulsifying with MPL compared with SPL, partly through differences in chylomicron assembly, and intestinal TG hydrolysis rate. Moreover unlike SPL, MPL in a high fat diet do not induce WAT hypertrophy and inflammationLes maladies métaboliques d’origine nutritionnelle sont caractérisées par un métabolisme des lipides perturbé et une inflammation métabolique. Les lipides polaires (LP) sont des agents émulsifiants utilisés dans l’industrie agroalimentaire. Le but de notre étude a été d’évaluer l’impact de l’utilisation de nouveaux LP issus du lait sur (i) la digestion et le métabolisme postprandial des lipides, et (ii) à plus long terme sur l’adiposité et l’inflammation dans le tissu adipeux (TA), en comparaison avec les LP de soja, actuellement les plus consommés.Chez la souris, les LP laitiers induisent une cinétique de lipémie postprandiale plus précoce en comparaison avec les LP de soja, associée à une augmentation de la lipolyse intestinale in vitro. De plus, les chylomicrons sécrétés durant le pic de lipémie sont plus petits avec les LP laitiers. D’autre part, la substitution d’une partie des lipides d’un régime hyper-lipidique par des LP laitiers ne modifie pas le stockage des lipides dans le foie et le TA contrairement aux LP de soja qui induisent une augmentation des lipides hépatiques, des adipocytes et des marqueurs inflammatoires dans le TA. Par ailleurs, Les LP laitiers induisent une diminution de l’expression génique de marqueurs de l’infiltration macrophagique dans le TA et du nombre de cellules à gobelet dans le côlon, suggérant une barrière intestinale renforcée.Ces travaux démontrent que les LP laitiers, par rapport aux LP de soja, stimulent la digestion des lipides et induisent une cinétique plus rapide de lipémie postprandiale. A long terme ils n’induisent pas les altérations métaboliques du TA observées en présence de LP de soja dans un régime hyper-lipidiqu

Milk polar lipids modulate lipid absorption and postprandial lipemia : metabolic consequences in mice

Les maladies métaboliques d’origine nutritionnelle sont caractérisées par un métabolisme des lipides perturbé et une inflammation métabolique. Les lipides polaires (LP) sont des agents émulsifiants utilisés dans l’industrie agroalimentaire. Le but de notre étude a été d’évaluer l’impact de l’utilisation de nouveaux LP issus du lait sur (i) la digestion et le métabolisme postprandial des lipides, et (ii) à plus long terme sur l’adiposité et l’inflammation dans le tissu adipeux (TA), en comparaison avec les LP de soja, actuellement les plus consommés.Chez la souris, les LP laitiers induisent une cinétique de lipémie postprandiale plus précoce en comparaison avec les LP de soja, associée à une augmentation de la lipolyse intestinale in vitro. De plus, les chylomicrons sécrétés durant le pic de lipémie sont plus petits avec les LP laitiers. D’autre part, la substitution d’une partie des lipides d’un régime hyper-lipidique par des LP laitiers ne modifie pas le stockage des lipides dans le foie et le TA contrairement aux LP de soja qui induisent une augmentation des lipides hépatiques, des adipocytes et des marqueurs inflammatoires dans le TA. Par ailleurs, Les LP laitiers induisent une diminution de l’expression génique de marqueurs de l’infiltration macrophagique dans le TA et du nombre de cellules à gobelet dans le côlon, suggérant une barrière intestinale renforcée.Ces travaux démontrent que les LP laitiers, par rapport aux LP de soja, stimulent la digestion des lipides et induisent une cinétique plus rapide de lipémie postprandiale. A long terme ils n’induisent pas les altérations métaboliques du TA observées en présence de LP de soja dans un régime hyper-lipidiqueMetabolic diseases are characterized by an altered lipid metabolism and metabolic inflammation. Numerous food products contain polar lipid (PL) emulsifiers that could impact these risk factors. We evaluated the impact of using PL from milk (MPL) (i) acutely on lipid digestion and postprandial lipemia and (ii) in the longer term in addition to a high fat diet on adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation. We compared MPL to soybean PL (SPL) that is currently the main commercial source of PL.In mice, an emulsion stabilized by MPL results in a more rapid postprandial lipemia than an emulsion stabilized by SPL, with an early increase in lipemia and a faster clearance. Differences in lipemia can originate from differential kinetics of lipid hydrolysis in the mouse gut, as an increase intestinal TG hydrolysis is observed in vitro. Moreover, early MPL-derived chylomicrons are smaller than SPL-derived chylomicrons. In the longer term, compared with HF diet, HF-SPL diet increases hepatic lipids, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, with larger and more numerous adipocytes and increases expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines. This is not observed with HF-MPL diet despite similar dietary intakes. HFP-MPL mice have a lower expression in WAT of marker of macrophage infiltration and more numerous goblet cells in the colon, suggesting an improved gut barrier function with this diet.Postprandial lipemia in mice can be modulated by emulsifying with MPL compared with SPL, partly through differences in chylomicron assembly, and intestinal TG hydrolysis rate. Moreover unlike SPL, MPL in a high fat diet do not induce WAT hypertrophy and inflammatio

Impact de la structure émulsionnée des lipides sur le devenir métabolique des acides gras alimentaires

In the human diet lipids are part of complex food products and are incorporated in various structures. Among the latter, emulsions are the most often employed in the food industry and clinical nutrition. Moreover, intestinal lipid absorption and post-absorptive phenomena during the postprandial phase play a major role in the onset and development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, the modulation of such phenomena by different structured dietary lipids remains poorly characterized, particularly among individuals with metabolic risk like obese subjects for whom the metabolic handling of dietary fatty acids is of utmost metabolic importance. The objective of this article is to review recent knowledge regarding the role and the metabolic impact of digestion and intestinal absorption of emulsified lipids and the nature of emulsifiers used as surface-active agents in emulsions. Our recent studies show that emulsified lipid structure can be a powerful tool to favor digestion, bioavailability and absorption of lipids and can modulate the imbalance of the metabolic handling of lipids in obese subjects, by favouring their beta-oxidation rather than their storage. Recent results on the potential metabolic consequences of different emulsifiers used for food emulsion formulation are also discussed. (C) 2016 Societe francaise de nutrition. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Dans tout régime alimentaire, les lipides font partie constitutive d’aliments complexes et se retrouvent incorporés sous la forme de structures diverses. Parmi ces structures, ce sont les émulsions qui sont les plus représentées et employées en agroalimentaire et en nutrition clinique. Par ailleurs, l’absorption intestinale des lipides et les évènements post-absorptifs durant la période postprandiale jouent un rôle majeur dans l’initiation et le développement des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires. Cependant la modulation de ces phénomènes par des lipides alimentaires différemment structurés reste peu caractérisée, notamment chez les sujets à risque comme les personnes obèses pour qui le fléchage métabolique des acides gras alimentaires est très important. L’objectif de cette revue est de faire le point sur les connaissances récentes concernant le rôle et l’impact métabolique de la digestion et l’absorption intestinale de lipides émulsionnés et la nature des émulsifiants qui composent ces émulsions. Nos travaux récents montrent que la structure émulsionnée est un levier potentiel pour favoriser la digestion, la biodisponibilité et l’absorption des lipides et moduler et corriger le déséquilibre du devenir métabolique des lipides chez l’obèse en favorisant leur utilisation plutôt que leur stockage. Des résultats récents sur les conséquences métaboliques potentielles de différents agents émulsifiants utilisés pour la formulation des émulsions alimentaires sont également discutés

Nutritional properties of milk lipids: specific function of the milk fat globule

Beyond fatty acid composition of milk fat that can impact the health of consumers, interest is growing regarding the importance of the supramolecular structure of milk lipids on their nutritional properties. Indeed, milk fat is found naturally under the form of an emulsion of lipid droplets called the milk fat globule (MFG) composed of a triglyceride core stabilized by a complex trilayered membrane called the MFG membrane. Recent researches have highlighted that this unique structure and the presence of bioactive lipids such as sphingomyelin could have a beneficial metabolic impact on lipid metabolism and contribute to intestinal and systemic health. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a focused overview on the composition of milk lipids, their organization as MFG and, their impact on lipid digestion and postprandial lipemia. In addition, the long-term effect on lipid metabolism and related metabolic players such as inflammation and gut microbiota are discussed

Dietary lipid emulsions and endotoxemia

The low-grade inflammation observed in obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance. Among factors triggering such inflammation, recent works revealed the role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), so-called endotoxins. LPS are naturally present in the gut via the intestinal microbiota. Recent studies show that they can induce in plasma a metabolic endotoxemia after the consumption of unbalanced hyperlipidic meals. This article reviews recent knowledge gained on the role of intestinal lipid absorption and the composition of dietary lipids on: (i) the induction of metabolic endotoxemia, (ii) the types of plasma transporters of LPS and (iii) associated low-grade inflammation. Notably, lipids are present in foods under various physicochemical structures and notably in emulsified form. Our recent works reveal that such structure and the type of emulsifier can modulate postprandial lipemia; recent results on the possible consequences on metabolic endotoxemia will be discussed

Dietary lipid emulsions and endotoxemia

The low-grade inflammation observed in obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance. Among factors triggering such inflammation, recent works revealed the role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), so-called endotoxins. LPS are naturally present in the gut via the intestinal microbiota. Recent studies show that they can induce in plasma a metabolic endotoxemia after the consumption of unbalanced hyperlipidic meals. This article reviews recent knowledge gained on the role of intestinal lipid absorption and the composition of dietary lipids on: (i) the induction of metabolic endotoxemia, (ii) the types of plasma transporters of LPS and (iii) associated low-grade inflammation. Notably, lipids are present in foods under various physicochemical structures and notably in emulsified form. Our recent works reveal that such structure and the type of emulsifier can modulate postprandial lipemia; recent results on the possible consequences on metabolic endotoxemia will be discussed

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Impacts métaboliques et inflammatoires des matières grasses émulsionnées

International audienceThe health effects of lipids must now be explored beyond their energy content and fatty acid profile. Indeed, fatty acids as unit elements of different molecules such as triacylglycerols and phospholipids are being organized in various supramolecular structures such as emulsion droplets, and incorporated in complex food matrixes. This short article reviews our recent studies on the impact of fat emulsified structure on postprandial lipid metabolism and fatty acid beta-oxidation in normal-weight and obese humans, leading to the concept of "fast versus slow lipids". We also show how the postprandial kinetics of lipid absorption can contribute to modulate metabolic endotoxemia, partly arising from interactions between dietary lipids and gut microbiota, and able to contribute to metabolic inflammation in obesity. Finally, we highlight the pro-or anti-inflammatory impact in mice of surface active agents used in food formulation to stabilize emulsions, notably phospholipids of vegetal or dairy origin, and different molecular carriers of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The interested reader will refer to our other recent publications and reviews on these topics for a deeper insight into presented concepts

Metabolic and inflammatory impacts of emulsified fats and oils

International audienceThe health effects of lipids must now be explored beyond their energy content and fatty acid profile. Indeed, fatty acids as unit elements of different molecules such as triacylglycerols and phospholipids, being organized in various supramolecular structures such as emulsion droplets, and incorporated in complex food matrixes. This short article reviews our recent studies on the impact of fat emulsified structure on postprandial lipid metabolism and fatty acid beta-oxidation in normal- weight and obese humans, leading to the concept of ``fast vs slow lipids''. We also show how the postprandial kinetics of lipid absorption can contribute to modulate metabolic endotoxemia, partly arising from interactions between dietary lipids and gut microbiota, and able to contribute to metabolic inflammation in obesity. Finally, we highlight the pro- or anti-inflammatory impact in mice of surface active agents used in food formulation to stabilize emulsions, notably phospholipids of vegetal or dairy origin, and different molecular carriers of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The interested reader will refer to our other recent publications and reviews on these topics for a deeper insight into presented concepts. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Societe francaise de nutrition