Détection de molécules par lidar agile multi-longueurs d'onde dans l'infrarouge moyen

Cette thèse présente la preuve de concept d’un nouveau système de télédétection multi-gaz utilisant la spectroscopie active d'absorption optique différentielle (active Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ou active DOAS). Le système opère dans l’infrarouge proche et moyen. Celui-ci est conçu pour mesurer des gaz à une distance d’une centaine de mètres avec l’utilisation de cibles non coopératives, telles que les éléments de la topographie du terrain. Le système inclut un générateur paramétrique (Optical Parametric Generator ou OPG) permettant la génération d’impulsions ayant un spectre large (10 à > 100 nm) et dont la longueur d’onde centrale est accordable entre 1.5 et 3.8 µm. Un télescope couplé à un spectrographe et à une caméra MCT-APD maison permettent de détecter le spectre de retour de chaque impulsion. Les expériences montrent la détection simultanée, dans l’air et dans une cellule, de H2O et CO2 à 2 µm et de H2O et CH4 à 3.3 µm. Les limites de détection pour notre expérience sont respectivement de 158 et 1 ppm·m pour le gaz carbonique et le méthane. Un algorithme original permet d’extraire les concentrations de gaz à partir d’un spectre de transmission présentant de signatures fortes d’absorption. Le développement d’un OPG conçu spécialement pour le système est détaillé. Son utilisation offre des avantages intéressants pour la mesure de gaz à distance. Les propriétés de l’OPG sont étudiées numériquement et expérimentalement afin d’optimiser son utilisation pour la mesure de gaz. Nous discutons des compromis à faire sur les paramètres de la pompe, du cristal et des sources d’injection (seed). L’objectif est d’optimiser la densité spectrale et la divergence tout en augmentant l’énergie de sortie. Un laser d’injection large bande est construit et il permet d’optimiser la stabilité de l’OPG d’une impulsion à l’autre, la densité d’énergie et la divergence. Un modèle numérique permet de simuler correctement le niveau de puissance de l’OPG, d’expliquer les mécanismes de saturation de l’amplificateur et de proposer des moyens pour améliorer la stabilité d’une impulsion à l’autre.This thesis presents the proof-of-concept of a novel remote sensing system designed for the detection of molecular species, such as gas pollutants, via active Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the short and mid wavelength infrared (SWIR/MWIR). The system is designed to be used in applications where gases need to be detected at a distance of about one hundred meters with the use of non-cooperative targets such as topographical features. The system includes an Optical Parametric Generator (OPG) generating broad linewidth (10 to > 100 nm) pulses tunable between 1.5 and 3.8 µm. A telescope coupled to a grating spectrograph and an in-house gated MCT-APD measures the whole return spectrum of each pulse. Experiments show simultaneous detection in indoor atmospheric air and inside a cell of H2O and CO2 at 2 µm and H2O and CH4 at 3.3 µm. In the context of our experiment, the detection limits for CO2 and CH4 are 158 and 1 ppm·m, respectively. A new algorithm is also presented enabling the determination of concentrations when spectra include strong absorption features. The development of a dedicated Optical Parametric Generator (OPG) is presented in detail. Its use in remote sensing of gaseous pollutants offers some promising advantages. The OPG properties are studied numerically and experimentally in order to optimize its use for the application. We discuss trade-offs to be made on the properties of the pump, crystal and seeding signal in order to optimize the pulse spectral density and divergence while enabling energy scaling. A seed with a large spectral bandwidth is shown to enhance the pulse to pulse stability and optimize the pulse spectral density and divergence. A numerical model simulating the OPG process is proposed and includes the multiple wavelength nature of the beams. It shows excellent agreement with experimental output power. The model also explains the mechanisms of gain saturation in OPGs and helps finding means of enhancing the pulse to pulse stability

New insights into radiative transfer within sea ice derived from autonomous optical propagation measurements

The radiative transfer of shortwave solar radiation through the sea ice cover of the polar oceans is a crucial aspect of energy partitioning at the atmosphere–ice–ocean interface. A detailed understanding of how sunlight is reflected and transmitted by the sea ice cover is needed for an accurate representation of critical processes in climate and ecosystem models, such as the ice–albedo feedback. Due to the challenges associated with ice internal measurements, most information about radiative transfer in sea ice has been gained by optical measurements above and below the sea ice. To improve our understanding of radiative transfer processes within the ice itself, we developed a new kind of instrument equipped with a number of multispectral light sensors that can be frozen into the ice. A first prototype consisting of a 2.3 m long chain of 48 sideward planar irradiance sensors with a vertical spacing of 0.05 m was deployed at the geographic North Pole in late August 2018, providing autonomous, vertically resolved light measurements within the ice cover during the autumn season. Here we present the first results of this instrument, discuss the advantages and application of the prototype, and provide first new insights into the spatiotemporal aspect of radiative transfer within the sea ice itself. In particular, we investigate how measured attenuation coefficients relate to the optical properties of the ice pack and show that sideward planar irradiance measurements are equivalent to measurements of total scalar irradiance

Estimating underwater light regime under spatially heterogeneous sea ice in the Arctic

Abstract: The vertical diffuse attenuation coefficient for downward plane irradiance (Kd ) is an apparent optical property commonly used in primary production models to propagate incident solar radiation in the water column. In open water, estimating Kd is relatively straightforward when a vertical profile of measurements of downward irradiance, Ed, is available. In the Arctic, the ice pack is characterized by a complex mosaic composed of sea ice with snow, ridges, melt ponds, and leads. Due to the resulting spatially heterogeneous light field in the top meters of the water column, it is difficult to measure at single-point locations meaningful Kd values that allow predicting average irradiance at any depth. The main objective of this work is to propose a new method to estimate average irradiance over large spatially heterogeneous area as it would be seen by drifting phytoplankton. Using both in situ data and 3D Monte Carlo numerical simulations of radiative transfer, we show that (1) the large-area average vertical profile of downward irradiance, Ed(z), under heterogeneous sea ice cover can be represented by a single-term exponential function and (2) the vertical attenuation coefficient for upward radiance (KLu), which is up to two times less influenced by a heterogeneous incident light field than Kd in the vicinity of a melt pond, can be used as a proxy to estimate Ed(z) in the water column

Non-negative Matrix Factorization using Partial Prior Knowledge for Radiation Dosimetry

Hyperspectral unmixing aims at decomposing a given signal into its spectral signatures and its associated fractional abundances. To improve the accuracy of this decomposition, algorithms have included different assumptions depending on the application. The goal of this study is to develop a new unmixing algorithm that can be applied for the calibration of multi-point scintillation dosimeters used in the field of radiation therapy. This new algorithm is based on a non-negative matrix factorization. It incorporates a partial prior knowledge on both the abundances and the endmembers of a given signal. It is shown herein that, following a precise calibration routine, it is possible to use partial prior information about the fractional abundances, as well as on the endmembers, in order to perform a simplified yet precise calibration of these dosimeters. Validation and characterization of this algorithm is made using both simulations and experiments. The experimental validation shows an improvement in accuracy compared to previous algorithms with a mean spectral angle distance (SAD) on the estimated endmembers of 0.0766, leading to an average error of $(0.25 \pm 0.73)$ % on dose measurements.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

New tools for optical measurements in sea ice

The quantity and quality of sunlight transmitted into and through sea ice is a crucial key necessary to understand the thermodynamic development of the ice cover, upper ocean heat and freshwater budget, as well as the associated primary production. Due to its solid impenetrable nature, most optical measurements so far have been conducted above and underneath the sea ice covering our polar oceans. Only very limited measurements have been carried out inside the ice cover itself. This strongly limits our current knowledge of the vertically varying inherent optical properties (IOP) of sea ice, as well as the geometric shape of the in-ice light field. Both factors currently limit our abilities to reliably model radiative transfer in sea ice. Here we present multiple new tools that can fill this observational gap and provide comprehensive optical measurements within the ice: This includes a chain of multispectral light sensors for seasonal long-term monitoring. It is derived from the proven design of the newest generation of ice-mass-balance buoys with digital thermistor strings and enables a non-destructive measurement with flexible geometry. We present data from a first prototype deployed together with an array of drifting ice observatories at the North Pole in September 2018. These vertically resolved in-ice light profiles are compared to in-ice measurements with a newly designed in-ice optical profiler system based on the well-proven TriOS Ramses hyperspectral radiometers. Combining expertise from photonics, medical and sea-ice science enables the ongoing development of a set of endoscopic probes allowing optical studies in sea ice with minimum disturbance of the ice. This includes in-ice microscopy for in-situ ice algal investigations, a UV-spectrometer to observe brine nitrate concentration in situ, a reflectance probe for high-resolution direct determination of inherent optical properties, as well as a radiance camera for quantification of the angular radiance distribution. Here we present data from the first field tests during the Arctic field season 2018. First ruggedized prototypes could be available to the scientific community soon

A multimodal endoscopic approach for characterizing sea-ice optics, physics, biology and biogeochemistry at small scale

Sea ice is a complex and heterogeneous medium that hosts a rich community of microbial organisms and small invertebrates. This ecosystem is shaped by a network of inhabitable spaces where the upward and downward fluxes of solutes and light support primary production, and ultimately the whole sea-ice trophic network. Describing the optical, physical, biological and biogeochemical processes that drive the functioning of the sea-ice ecosystem at the appropriate, i.e. small scale (micro- to centimeter), is very challenging. This medium is solid, fragile and highly heterogeneous. Traditional sea-ice sampling methods based on coring are most often coarse and destructive. Not only do they not allow the small scale to be explored, they generally alter the material to be analyzed. Here, we present a new approach for measuring relevant variables of the sea-ice ecosystem at small scale and, as much as possible, non-destructively. Inspired by medical endoscopes, the custom-built platform is intended to carry various types of miniaturized optical sensors for radiometry, chemistry and high-resolution imaging of the sea-ice interior. In this presentation, we will describe the concept and present the progress made to date

Green Edge ice camp campaigns : understanding the processes controlling the under-ice Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom

The Green Edge initiative was developed to investigate the processes controlling the primary productivity and fate of organic matter produced during the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) and to determine its role in the ecosystem. Two field campaigns were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at an ice camp located on landfast sea ice southeast of Qikiqtarjuaq Island in Baffin Bay (67.4797∘ N, 63.7895∘ W). During both expeditions, a large suite of physical, chemical and biological variables was measured beneath a consolidated sea-ice cover from the surface to the bottom (at 360 m depth) to better understand the factors driving the PSB. Key variables, such as conservative temperature, absolute salinity, radiance, irradiance, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll a concentration, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and taxonomy, and carbon stocks and fluxes were routinely measured at the ice camp. Meteorological and snow-relevant variables were also monitored. Here, we present the results of a joint effort to tidy and standardize the collected datasets, which will facilitate their reuse in other Arctic studies

HIV Reservoirs and Immune Surveillance Evasion Cause the Failure of Structured Treatment Interruptions: A Computational Study

Continuous antiretroviral therapy is currently the most effective way to treat HIV infection. Unstructured interruptions are quite common due to side effects and toxicity, among others, and cannot be prevented. Several attempts to structure these interruptions failed due to an increased morbidity compared to continuous treatment. The cause of this failure is poorly understood and often attributed to drug resistance. Here we show that structured treatment interruptions would fail regardless of the emergence of drug resistance. Our computational model of the HIV infection dynamics in lymphoid tissue inside lymph nodes, demonstrates that HIV reservoirs and evasion from immune surveillance themselves are sufficient to cause the failure of structured interruptions. We validate our model with data from a clinical trial and show that it is possible to optimize the schedule of interruptions to perform as well as the continuous treatment in the absence of drug resistance. Our methodology enables studying the problem of treatment optimization without having impact on human beings. We anticipate that it is feasible to steer new clinical trials using computational models

Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma

Objectives The neurological disorders in HIV-1-infected patients remain prevalent. The HIV-1 resistance in plasma and CSF was compared in patients with neurological disorders in a multicentre study. Methods Blood and CSF samples were collected at time of neurological disorders for 244 patients. The viral loads were >50 copies/mL in both compartments and bulk genotypic tests were realized. Results On 244 patients, 89 and 155 were antiretroviral (ARV) naive and ARV treated, respectively. In ARV-naive patients, detection of mutations in CSF and not in plasma were reported for the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in 2/89 patients (2.2%) and for the protease gene in 1/89 patients (1.1%). In ARV-treated patients, 19/152 (12.5%) patients had HIV-1 mutations only in the CSF for the RT gene and 30/151 (19.8%) for the protease gene. Two mutations appeared statistically more prevalent in the CSF than in plasma: M41L (P = 0.0455) and T215Y (P = 0.0455). Conclusions In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performe

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions