Electrostimulation of the lingual nerve by an intraoral device may lead to salivary gland regeneration : a case series study

Salivary gland function is controlled by the salivary reflex, whose efferent arm is composed by the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Parenchymal injury is the main salivary gland involvement of Sjögren?s syndrome and head and neck radiotherapy, but neural damage has been reported as well. Recently an intraoral device for electrostimulation of the lingual nerve in vicinity to the lower third molar has been introduced. At this point this nerve carries efferent fibers for the innervation of the submandibular, sublingual and several minor salivary glands and afferent fibers of the salivary reflex. Therefore, excitation of these fibers potentially leads to increased secretion of all salivary glands. Thus, the study objective was to assess whether comprehensive neural activation by electrostimulation of the lingual nerve carries the potential to induce the regeneration of damaged salivary glands. The device was tested on three patients with no collectable resting and stimulated secretion of saliva during a double blind, sham controlled period of two months and nine open-label months. All three subjects developed the capacity to spit saliva, not only in direct response to the electrostimulation but also after free intervals without electrostimulation. In addition, their symptoms of dry mouth severity and frequency improved. This recovery is probably due to the combined effect of increase in secretory functional gland mass and regain of nervous control of the secretory elements and blood vessels. Both are phenomena that would contribute to gland regeneration

Biotechnological advances in neuro-electro-stimulation for the treatment of hyposalivation and xerostomia

Treatment of xerostomia is a common clinical challenge in the oral medicine practice. Although some treatments have been used to improve the symptoms of xerostomia, none is completely satisfactory for the patients who suffer of this alteration. In the last years non-pharmacological treatments based on electro-stimulation for the treatment of xerostomia have been developed. This review is aimed at presenting new developments for the treatment of xerostomia, applying neuro-electro-stimulation by miniaturized intra-oral electro-stimulators. These devices increase salivary secretion and improve symptoms of oral dryness. Their effect is obtained by means of stimulation of the lingual nerve, in whose proximity the electrodes of the apparatus are placed. The objective of this mechanism is both to directly stimulate the salivary glands controlled by that nerve and to enhance the salivary reflex. Clinical studies have been carried out that have demonstrated the wetting effect of the method described in this article

Accuracy of cotinine serum test to detect the smoking habit and its association with periodontal disease in a multicenter study

The validity of the surveys on self-reported smoking status is often questioned because smokers underestimate cigarette use and deny the habit. It has been suggested that self-report should be accompanied by cotinine test. This report evaluates the usefulness of serum cotinine test to assess the association between smoking and periodontal status in a study with a large sample population to be used in studies with other serum markers in epidemiologic and periodontal medicine researches. 578 patients who were part of a multicenter study on blood biomarkers were evaluated about smoking and its relation to periodontal disease. Severity of periodontal disease was determinate using clinical attachment loss (CAL). Smoking was assessed by a questionnaire and a blood sample drawn for serum cotinine determination. The optimal cut-off point for serum cotinine was 10 ng/ml. Serum cotinine showed greater association with severity of CAL than self-report for mild-moderate CAL [OR 2.03 (CI95% 1.16-3.53) vs. OR 1.08 (CI95% 0.62-1.87) ] advanced periodontitis [OR 2.36 (CI95% 1.30- 4.31) vs. OR 2.06 (CI95% 0.97-4.38) ] and extension of CAL > 3 mm [ OR 1.78 (CI95% 1.16-1.71) vs. 1.37 (CI95% 0.89-2.11)]. When the two tests were evaluated together were not shown to be better than serum cotinine test. Self-reported smoking and serum cotinine test ? 10ng/ml are accurate, complementary and more reliable methods to assess the patient?s smoking status and could be used in studies evaluating serum samples in large population and multicenter studies. Clinical Relevance: The serum cotinine level is more reliable to make associations with the patient?s periodontal status than self-report questionnaire and could be used in multicenter and periodontal medicine studies

Human papilloma virus genotypes in dysplasia and epithelial hyperplasia of oral cavity using the luminex xmap technology. A multicenter study

Oral cancer associated with high risk (HPV-HR) human papilloma virus (HPV) has been increasing. HPV-HR has been associated with epithelial dysplasia, however, little information exists on its frequency in epithelial hyperplasia lesions. The aim of this study is to compare HPV genotypes in dysplastic and hyperplastic lesions of oral cavity. Two hundred and fifty oral lesions: 131 dysplasia and 119 hyperplasia from two regions of Colombia were evaluated. One hundred seventy-four coming from urban area and 104 from a high risk population to oral cancer from a rural area. HPV was identified by qPCR and Twenty-four HPVs genotypes were evaluated by Luminex® technology. Logistic regressions were performed to establish the associations between HPV infections with oral dysplasia. Twenty-eight percent (70/250) of the samples were positives for any HPV and HPV-HRs were more frequently than low risk HPVs. HPV-16 was the most detected genotype (16%) followed by HPV-31, 53, 18 and 45. HPV, HPV-HRs and HPV-16 were only associated with dysplasia in urban area; OR 3.28 (CI 95% 1.49-7.17), OR 7.94 (CI 95% 2.97-21.2) and OR 5.90 (CI 95% 2.05-17). Individuals in rural area showed more HPV and HPV-HRs infection in hyperplasic lesions than urban population. The majority of HPV+ lesions had multi-type of HPV (52/70) and the urban individuals showed more genotypes than rural population. HPV-.HRs are frequently found in hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelial lesions. HPV-HRs and HPV-16 were associated with dysplasia in urban population. Rural high risk population and urban population differ in the frequency and variety of HPV genotypes

Inducción de disfunción endotelial in vitro por lipopolisacarido de bacterias periodontopaticas e inhibición de la inflamación por resolvina (rvd1) y estatina

Este estudio evalúa los mecanismos de disfunción endotelial mediado por lipopolisacaridos de periodontopatógenos y valora el uso de resolvina D1 (RvD1) y Rosuvastatina en regular la disfunción endotelial in vitro, para establecer los efectos de estos terapéuticos y dar bases para la aplicación clínica de las resolvinas en la terapia periodontal en pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta fase de estudio fue evaluar la capacidad del lipopolisacarido de P. gingivalis y A. actinomycetemcomitans y de bacteria completa aniquilada por calor para inducir disfunción endotelial en células de arteria coronaria humana.Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación [CO] Colciencias1308-519-28960Inducción de disfunción endotelial in vitro por lipopolisacarido de bacterias periodontopaticas e inhibición de la inflamación por resolvina (rvd1) y estatina (rosuvastatina)s

Efecto de rosuvastatina sobre la expresión in vitro de pecam-1 en células endoteliales humanas estimuladas con los de porphyromonas gingivalis

La presencia de bacterias periodonto-patógenas como Pophyromonas gingivalis en lesiones ateroscleróticas y procesos de endotoxemias en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal pueden ser factores que desencadenarían a nivel endotelial una respuesta inflamatoria pro-aterosclerótica. La expresión de moléculas de adhesión tras la activación endotelial como PECAM-1 toma gran importancia en la adhesión y migración de monocitos durante el proceso inflamatorio pro-aterosclerótico. El manejo en la reducción de estos marcadores inflamatorios ha motivado a buscar minuciosamente posibles efectos anti-inflamatorios en medicamentos convencionalmente formulados para prevenir el riesgo de enfermedad vascular siendo actualmente la Rosuvastatina un fármaco con potencial antiinflamatorio, por lo que se evaluó sobre la expresión in vitro de PECAM-1 en células HCAEC, estimuladas con LPS de P. gingivalis 33277 mediante la técnica Cell ELISA Fluorométrica, de igual modo se evaluó el efecto del fármaco sobre la viabilidad celular utilizando la prueba espectrofotométrica de resazurina. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que Rusuvastatina disminuye la expresión de PECAM-1 en células HCAEC de manera concentración dependiente (p<0.05) y no inducen citotoxicidad sobre las células, a concentraciones de 100 uM- 6,5uM durante un periodo de exposición de 24 horas. Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que Rosuvastatina posee un perfil farmacológico promisorio dado que posee efectos moduladores en la adhesión, vislumbrando propiedades anti-inflamatorias y un alto rango de seguridad toxicológica.Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación [CO] Colciencias1308-519-28960Inducción de disfunción endotelial in vitro por lipopolisacarido de bacterias periodontopaticas e inhibición de la inflamación por resolvina (rvd1) y estatina (rosuvastatina)n

Rosuvastatin inhibits IL-8 and IL-6 production in human coronary artery endothelial cells stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) is a Gram negative periodontopathogen that has been highly associated with endocarditis and atherosclerosis. However, the potential mechanisms by which A.a could be contributing to atherosclerosis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of purified LPS from A.a (Aa-LPS) on the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (i.e., adhesion molecules, Toll-like receptors and cytokines/chemokines) associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), as well as evaluating the potential of Rosuvastatin (RSV) for inhibiting the A.a-induced endothelial responses. HCAECs were stimulated with purified A. a-LPS and cytokine expression levels determined by qPCR and flow cytometry, and TLR2 and TLR4 expression evaluated by ELISA fluorometric assay. The effect of RSV in Aa-LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses was also studied using similar experimental approaches. A. a-LPS increased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TLR2 in HCAECs. No effects in the expression of adhesion molecules were observed. Aa-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production was inhibited by RSV particularly at higher doses. These results suggest that Aa-LPS plays a role in pro-inflammatory endothelial responses that could be contributing to the atherosclerotic process, and the use of statins (i.e., RSV) could be reducing the likelihood for Aa-induced pro-atherosclerotic endothelial responses.Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación [CO] Colciencias1308-519-28960Inducción de disfunción endotelial in vitro por lipopolisacarido de bacterias periodontopaticas e inhibición de la inflamación por resolvina (rvd1) y estatina (rosuvastatina)n

Efecto de enjuagues de ácido hipocloroso sobre el pH de la saliva: estudio in vitro

 Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been proposed as antiplaque agent. The potential use of anti-plaque mouthwashes must be previously evaluated to determine whether it affects damping properties of saliva favoring tooth demineralization processes. Aim: To evaluate in vitro the effect of mouthwashes with HOCl at different concentrations on saliva pH. Methods: 20 whole saliva samples were collected. 1.1 ml of saliva were titrated with 0.1 or 0.4 mL of HOCl at different concentrations (125, 250 y 500 ppm) until a volume ratio 1:1 and 4:1. 0.5% NaCl was used as a titration control. HOCl volume required to induce a critical pH in saliva was assessed at ≤ 5.5. A descriptive analysis for all variables and ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni with multiple comparisons was conducted. Results: None of the HOCl concentrations evaluated affects the ability of the saliva to neutralize acids in solution at a 1:1 ratio. However, it is reached at pH < 5.5 when the proportion of HOCl at 500 ppm was increased in relation to the volume of saliva (3:1; p = 0.016). Concentrations of 250 and 125 ppm do not affect saliva pH even at proportions in volume of 6:1 and 9:1. Conclusion: HOCl at 125 ppm and 250 ppm does not affect the ability of saliva to neutralize acids in solution and these concentrations are suitable for use as active agent of an antiplaque mouthwash.Antecedentes: Se ha propuesto el ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) como un agente antiplaca. El potencial uso de enjuagues con HOCl debe valorarse para establecer si afecta el pH y las propiedades amortiguadoras de la saliva que favorezcan procesos de desmineralización dental. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto in vitro de enjuagues con HOCl a diferentes concentraciones sobre el pH de la saliva. Métodos: Se recolectaron 20 muestras de saliva total. 1,1 mL de saliva fueron titulados con 0,1 y 0,4 mL de HOCl a diferentes concentraciones (125, 250 y 500 ppm) hasta una proporción en volumen 1:1 o 4:1. El NaCl 0,5 % se utilizó como control de titulación. Se evaluó el volumen requerido de HOCl para inducir un pH crítico de la saliva ≤ 5,5. Se efectuó un análisis descriptivo para todas las variables y un Anova con post hoc de comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Resultados: Ninguna de las concentraciones evaluadas de HOCl afectó la capacidad de la saliva en amortiguar los ácidos en solución a una proporción 1:1. Sin embargo, se alcanzó un pH < 5,5 cuando se aumentó la proporción de HOCl 500 ppm en relación con el volumen de saliva (3:1; p = 0,016). Las concentraciones 250 y 125 ppm no afectan considerablemente el pH de la saliva incluso a proporciones en volumen 6:1 y 9:1, respectivamente. Conclusión: El HOCl a 125 ppm y a 250 ppm no afecta la capacidad de la saliva para neutralizar los ácidos en solución, por lo que estas concentraciones son óptimas para su potencial uso como principio activo de enjuague bucal antiplaca

Efecto de enjuagues de ácido hipocloroso sobre el pH de la saliva: estudio in vitro / Effect of Hypochlorous Acid as a Mouthwash on Salivary pH: in vitro Study

Antecedentes: Se ha propuesto el ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) como un agente antiplaca. El potencial uso de enjuagues con HOCl debe valorarse para establecer si afecta el pH y las propiedades amortiguadoras de la saliva que favorezcan procesos de desmineralización dental. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto in vitro de enjuagues con HOCl a diferentes concentraciones sobre el pH de la saliva. Métodos: Se recolectaron 20 muestras de saliva total. 1,1 mL de saliva fueron titulados con 0,1 y 0,4 mL de HOCl a diferentes concentraciones (125, 250 y 500 ppm) hasta una proporción en volumen 1:1 o 4:1. El NaCl 0,5 % se utilizó como control de titulación. Se evaluó el volumen requerido de HOCl para inducir un pH crítico de la saliva ≤ 5,5. Se efectuó un análisis descriptivo para todas las variables y un Anova con post hoc de comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Resultados: Ninguna de las concentraciones evaluadas de HOCl afectó la capacidad de la saliva en amortiguar los ácidos en solución a una proporción 1:1. Sin embargo, se alcanzó un pH &lt; 5,5 cuando se aumentó la proporción de HOCl 500 ppm en relación con el volumen de saliva (3:1; p = 0,016). Las concentraciones 250 y 125 ppm no afectan considerablemente el pH de la saliva incluso a proporciones en volumen 6:1 y 9:1, respectivamente. Conclusión: El HOCl a 125 ppm y a 250 ppm no afecta la capacidad de la saliva para neutralizar los ácidos en solución, por lo que estas concentraciones son óptimas para su potencial uso como principio activo de enjuague bucal antiplaca. Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been proposed as antiplaque agent. The potential use of anti-plaque mouthwashes must be previously evaluated to determine whether it affects damping properties of saliva favoring tooth demineralization processes. Aim: To evaluate in vitro the effect of mouthwashes with HOCl at different concentrations on saliva pH. Methods: 20 whole saliva samples were collected. 1.1 ml of saliva were titrated with 0.1 or 0.4 mL of HOCl at different concentrations (125, 250 y 500 ppm) until a volume ratio 1:1 and 4:1. 0.5% NaCl was used as a titration control. HOCl volume required to induce a critical pH in saliva was assessed at ≤ 5.5. A descriptive analysis for all variables and ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni with multiple comparisons was conducted. Results: None of the HOCl concentrations evaluated affects the ability of the saliva to neutralize acids in solution at a 1:1 ratio. However, it is reached at pH &lt; 5.5 when the proportion of HOCl at 500 ppm was increased in relation to the volume of saliva (3:1; p = 0.016). Concentrations of 250 and 125 ppm do not affect saliva pH even at proportions in volume of 6:1 and 9:1. Conclusion: HOCl at 125 ppm and 250 ppm does not affect the ability of saliva to neutralize acids in solution and these concentrations are suitable for use as active agent of an antiplaque mouthwash

Efecto de enjuagues de ácido hipocloroso sobre el pH de la saliva: estudio in vitro / Effect of Hypochlorous Acid as a Mouthwash on Salivary pH: in vitro Study

Antecedentes: Se ha propuesto el ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) como un agente antiplaca. El potencial uso de enjuagues con HOCl debe valorarse para establecer si afecta el pH y las propiedades amortiguadoras de la saliva que favorezcan procesos de desmineralización dental. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto in vitro de enjuagues con HOCl a diferentes concentraciones sobre el pH de la saliva. Métodos: Se recolectaron 20 muestras de saliva total. 1,1 mL de saliva fueron titulados con 0,1 y 0,4 mL de HOCl a diferentes concentraciones (125, 250 y 500 ppm) hasta una proporción en volumen 1:1 o 4:1. El NaCl 0,5 % se utilizó como control de titulación. Se evaluó el volumen requerido de HOCl para inducir un pH crítico de la saliva ≤ 5,5. Se efectuó un análisis descriptivo para todas las variables y un Anova con post hoc de comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Resultados: Ninguna de las concentraciones evaluadas de HOCl afectó la capacidad de la saliva en amortiguar los ácidos en solución a una proporción 1:1. Sin embargo, se alcanzó un pH &lt; 5,5 cuando se aumentó la proporción de HOCl 500 ppm en relación con el volumen de saliva (3:1; p = 0,016). Las concentraciones 250 y 125 ppm no afectan considerablemente el pH de la saliva incluso a proporciones en volumen 6:1 y 9:1, respectivamente. Conclusión: El HOCl a 125 ppm y a 250 ppm no afecta la capacidad de la saliva para neutralizar los ácidos en solución, por lo que estas concentraciones son óptimas para su potencial uso como principio activo de enjuague bucal antiplaca. Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been proposed as antiplaque agent. The potential use of anti-plaque mouthwashes must be previously evaluated to determine whether it affects damping properties of saliva favoring tooth demineralization processes. Aim: To evaluate in vitro the effect of mouthwashes with HOCl at different concentrations on saliva pH. Methods: 20 whole saliva samples were collected. 1.1 ml of saliva were titrated with 0.1 or 0.4 mL of HOCl at different concentrations (125, 250 y 500 ppm) until a volume ratio 1:1 and 4:1. 0.5% NaCl was used as a titration control. HOCl volume required to induce a critical pH in saliva was assessed at ≤ 5.5. A descriptive analysis for all variables and ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni with multiple comparisons was conducted. Results: None of the HOCl concentrations evaluated affects the ability of the saliva to neutralize acids in solution at a 1:1 ratio. However, it is reached at pH &lt; 5.5 when the proportion of HOCl at 500 ppm was increased in relation to the volume of saliva (3:1; p = 0.016). Concentrations of 250 and 125 ppm do not affect saliva pH even at proportions in volume of 6:1 and 9:1. Conclusion: HOCl at 125 ppm and 250 ppm does not affect the ability of saliva to neutralize acids in solution and these concentrations are suitable for use as active agent of an antiplaque mouthwash