Spatial Similarities and Change in Hawaiian Architecture: The Expression of Ritual Offering and Kapu in Luakini Heiau, Residential Complexes, and Houses

Pre-Contact Hawaiian architecture reflected the cultural beliefs associated with ritual offering and adherence to the kapu system. Similarities in morphology and the use of space were evident in a range of architectural phenomena, from luakini heiau, to residential complexes, to houses. Interaction between Hawaiian and European cultures in the early nineteenth century began to de-emphasize the importance of spatial segregation associated with kapu. Architectural structures and the activities that took place in them began to undergo a fundamental change. These changes destroyed the structural parallels that had once occurred between religious and residential architecture. KEYWORDS: Hawaiian archaeology and ethnohistory, architecture, structural anthropology

Productive Strategies in an Uncertain Environment

The unpredictable nature of a key environmental resource (e.g., moisture) is often viewed as a major variable that guides economic decision-making and the form of the social organization required to implement adaptive strategies that will ensure the survival of the population. Several authors have recently argued that environment characterized by higher uncertainty (e.g., risk of crop failure) will exhibit a greater tempo of changing organizational forms and an overall higher levels of organizational complexity. (Ladefoged 1995; Graves and Ladefoged 1995; Dunnell 1999; Ladefoged and Graves 2000; Kirch 2000; Hammon 2001; Hunt and Lipo 2001). In these high-risk environments the construction of chiefly sponsored monumental architecture can suppress population numbers to below critical levels. Energy that could be expended on increasing agricultural production, thereby leading to increases in population levels, is diverted into "wasteful" activities, such as monumental construction.</p

DNA and pacific commensal models : applications, construction, limitations, and future prospects

Components of the Pacific transported landscape have been used as proxies to trace the prehistoric movement of humans across the Pacific for almost two decades. Analyses of archaeological remains and DNA sequences of plants, animals, and microorganisms moved by or with humans have contributed to understanding prehistoric migration, trade, exchange, and sometimes revealed the geographic origins of particular plants and animals. This paper presents the basic elements of a DNA-based commensal model and discusses the phylogenetic and population genetic approaches these models employ. A clear delineation of the underlying assumptions of these models and the background information required to construct them have yet to appear in the literature. This not only provides a framework with which to construct a commensal model but also highlights gaps in current knowledge. The ways in which commensal models have enriched archaeological reconstructions will be highlighted, as will their current limitations. With these limitations in mind, options will be outlined for augmenting commensal models through the application of established techniques and new technologies in order to provide the best tools for reconstructing ancient human mobility and behavior in the Pacific and beyond

Erosion, Geological History, and Indigenous Agriculture: A Tale of Two Valleys

Irrigated pondfields and rainfed field systems represented alternative pathways of agricultural intensification that were unevenly distributed across the Hawaiian Archipelago prior to European contact, with pondfields on wetter soils and older islands and rainfed systems on fertile, moderate-rainfall upland sites on younger islands. The spatial separation of these systems is thought to have contributed to the dynamics of social and political organization in pre-contact Hawai’i. However, deep stream valleys on older Hawaiian Islands often retain the remains of rainfed dryland agriculture on their lower slopes. We evaluated why rainfed agriculture developed on valley slopes on older but not younger islands by comparing soils of Pololū Valley on the young island of Hawai’i with those of Hālawa Valley on the older island of Moloka’i. Alluvial valley-bottom and colluvial slope soils of both valleys are enriched 4–5-fold in base saturation and in P that can be weathered, and greater than 10-fold in resin-extractable P and weatherable Ca, compared to soils of their surrounding uplands. However, due to an interaction of volcanically driven subsidence of the young island of Hawai’i with post-glacial sea level rise, the side walls of Pololū Valley plunge directly into a flat valley floor, whereas the alluvial floor of Hālawa Valley is surrounded by a band of fertile colluvial soils where rainfed agricultural features were concentrated. Only 5% of Pololū Valley supports colluvial soils with slopes between 5° and 12° (suitable for rainfed agriculture), whereas 16% of Hālawa Valley does so. The potential for integrated pondfield/rainfed valley systems of the older Hawaiian Islands increased their advantage in productivity and sustainability over the predominantly rainfed systems of the younger islands

DNA and pacific commensal models : applications, construction, limitations, and future prospects

ABSTRACT Components of the Pacific transported landscape have been used as proxies to trace the prehistoric movement of humans across th

A representação dos conventos de Lisboa cerca de 1567 na primeira planta da cidade

No presente trabalho estuda-se por um lado a primeira representação de cada um dos conventos de Lisboa, tal como foram registados na segunda gravura com a imagem da capital, publicada em 1598 por Georg Braun no volume V da série Civitatis orbis terrarum, e por outro mostra-se como esta imagem corresponderá à primeira planta-topográfica de Lisboa preparada talvez cerca de 1567. A referida imagem de Lisboa revela o essencial das linhas de força do urbanismo da cidade no século XVI e apresenta um primeiro e vasto panorama visual do património construído até então, de que apreciamos aqui o caso dos quinze conventos nela representados.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fundação Millennium bc

Geochemical Sourcing of New Zealand Obsidians by Portable X-Ray Fluorescence from 2011 to 2018

This dataset includes 4,582 obsidian artefacts matched to their natural geological source from 45 archaeological sites in New Zealand (Aotearoa). It is a compilation of a number of independent projects conducted in the laboratories of the University of Auckland and University of Otago from 2011 to 2018 [1–13]. It combines previously published studies [3, 5–13], an MA thesis [1], a BA(Hons) dissertation [2], a site report [4], and other previously unpublished primary data. The dataset has high reuse potential for future non-destructive studies of artefacts and social network analyses.   Funding statement: This database began as part of a project funded by Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Grant (UOA1619) and the support of Te Pūnaha Matatini

Investigating the global dispersal of chickens in prehistory using ancient mitochondrial dna signatures

Data from morphology, linguistics, history, and archaeology have all been used to trace the dispersal of chickens from Asian domestication centers to their current global distribution. Each provides a unique perspective which can aid in the reconstruction of prehistory. This study expands on previous investigations by adding a temporal component from ancient DNA and, in some cases, direct dating of bones of individual chickens from a variety of sites in Europe, the Pacific, and the Americas. The results from the ancient DNA analyses of forty-eight archaeologically derived chicken bones provide support for archaeological hypotheses about the prehistoric human transport of chickens. Haplogroup E mtDNA signatures have been amplified from directly dated samples originating in Europe at 1000 B.P. and in the Pacific at 3000 B.P. indicating multiple prehistoric dispersals from a single Asian centre. These two dispersal pathways converged in the Americas where chickens were introduced both by Polynesians and later by Europeans. The results of this study also highlight the inappropriate application of the small stretch of D-loop, traditionally amplified for use in phylogenetic studies, to understanding discrete episodes of chicken translocation in the past. The results of this study lead to the proposal of four hypotheses which will require further scrutiny and rigorous future testingExcavations in Fais by MI were made possible by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. DB gratefully acknowledges support from the Marsden Fund, and the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution. During the course of this research AS was supported by a Postgraduate Scholarship from the University of Auckland and a Fellowship from the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolutio