Estudo de viabilidade para implantação de cobrança pelo uso da água na Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Formoso

This study aimed to examine the feasibility, as well as identify the main factors for the same, in the proposition of a methodology for the implementation of charging for water use as a tool for water resources management in the basin of river Formoso located in the State of Tocantins. For this purpose, initially the agricultural users were characterized. They are responsible for over 97% of water consumption in the basin, which besides being the largest claimants of water, are responsible for the main productive activity in the region, the production of rice. In order to define the ability to pay, to determine the amount to be paid by users for cubic meter of water, it was applied the residual method, which estimates the user's ability to pay the difference between costs and total revenue generated by the rice production, where it reached the amount of R$0.0067/m³. Among the instruments present in the National Water Resources Policy (Law 9.433/97), together with the charge for water use is the basin plan, which determines the actions and programs to be carried out in the same, and the basin of river Formoso already has an ongoing plan with a worksheet that estimates all costs necessary for its operation. Searching to define the price of water needed to deploy the actions of the basin plan, we created five scenarios: 100$ 0.0036/m³, i.e., half of the ability to pay the users, so that would not compromise their entire gain.RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve o objetivo principal de analisar a viabilidade, assim como apontar os principais fatores para a mesma, na proposição de uma metodologia para a aplicação da cobrança pelo uso da água enquanto instrumento de gestão dos recursos hídricos na bacia do rio Formoso, localizada no Estado do Tocantins. Para isso, inicialmente caracterizaram-se os usuários agrícolas, responsáveis por mais de 97% do consumo de água na bacia, que além de serem os maiores demandantes de água, são os responsáveis pela principal atividade produtiva da região, a produção de arroz, a fim de definir a capacidade de pagamento, para determinar o valor a ser pago pelos usuários pelo metro cúbico da água, aplicou-se o método residual, que estima a capacidade de pagamento do usuário pela diferença entre os custos e receitas totais geradas com a produção de arroz, aonde se alcançou o valor de R$0,0067/m³ de água. Dentre os instrumentos presentes na Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (Lei 9.433/97), juntamente com a cobrança pelo uso da água, está o plano de bacia, que determina as ações e programas a serem realizados na mesma, sendo que a bacia hidrográfica do rio Formoso já possui um plano em vigência com uma planilha que estima todos os custos necessários para seu funcionamento. Buscando delimitar o preço da água necessário para implantar as ações do plano de bacia, criaram-se cinco cenários para: 100$ 0,0036/m³, ou seja, metade da capacidade de pagamento do produtor agrícola, de forma que não comprometa todo seu ganho

Perfil nutricional de atletas de Futebol de categorias de base na pré-temporada e meio da temporada de um clube de Futebol Brasileiro da série A

Os dados sobre hábitos alimentares de atletas adolescentes de alto rendimento são limitados e não está claro se os mesmos seguem e mantêm as recomendações dietéticas específicas de cada modalidade esportiva e de acordo com sua idade. Objetivo: Analisar as diferenças de consumo alimentar e composição corpórea de jovens atletas de futebol de um clube de futebol brasileiro na pré-temporada e no meio da temporada esportiva. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados jogadores de futebol com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. Aplicou-se questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar para estimar o consumo energético e de macro e micronutrientes. Em seguida, avaliou-se o peso, a estatura e a composição corporal por meio de densitometria por dupla emissão de raios X. Resultados: Observou-se crescimento pondero-estatural dos jogadores, com aumento do consumo energético, de proteínas e carboidratos no meio da temporada esportiva em relação à pré-temporada. Houve redução significativa da massa gorda (p=0,02) no meio da temperada e aumento significativo da massa corporal magra (p<0,001). Conclusão: este estudo mostrou que o padrão de alimentação dos atletas parece estar em conformidade com os paradigmas requeridos para uma saúde física plena. Ainda, observou-se diminuição da massa gorda no meio da temporada esportiva, como reflexo do equilíbrio entre a demanda energética e o padrão alimentar. ABSTRACT Nutritional profile of football athletes of base categories in pre-season and middle season of Brazilian football of the A seriesData on food habits of high yield adolescent athletes are limited and it is unclear whether they follow and maintain the specific dietary recommendations for each sport and according to their age. Aim: to analyze the differences in food intake and body composition of young soccer players of a Brazilian football club in pre-season and in the middle of the sports season. Methods: were selected football players with age between 14 and 19 years. A questionnaire was applied to food consumption frequency for estimating energy consumption and macro and micronutrients. Then the weight was evaluated, height, and body composition by densitometry by dual emission X-ray. Results: There was a weight and height growth of players, with increased energy consumption of protein and carbohydrates in the middle of the sports season in relation to the pre-season. A significant reduction in fat mass (p = 0.02) in the middle and temperate significant increase (p <0.001) in lean body mass was observed. Conclusion: This study showed that the pattern of feeding the athletes seem to be in accordance with the paradigms required for a healthy body. Still, there was a decrease in fat mass in the middle of the sports season, reflecting the balance between energy demand and food standard

MODELOS HIDROLÓGICOS: CONCEITOS E APLICABILIDADES

The understanding of water flow in different environmental compartments is essential in water resources management and sizing of hydraulic works; however, the quantification of these various streams on the spot is very difficult due to the large variability of environmental factors and extension of areas to be studied. Therefore, hydrologic modeling is presented as a key tool in these quantifications. By applying principles of one or more theories and concepts, the hydrologic models are able to reproduce the phenomena of water systems within a defined time scale, estimating components of the hydrologic flow, previously unknown or not quantified. In this context, this paper presents a bibliographic review with the conceptualization and a brief description of the history of hydraulic-hydrological modeling and the major types of hydrologic models, classified according to its conceptualization and its applicability as well.O entendimento do fluxo hídrico nos diversos compartimentos ambientais é essencial na gestão de recursos hídricos e no dimensionamento de obras hidráulicas, no entanto a quantificação destes diversos fluxos in-loco é muito difícil devido à grande variabilidade de fatores a ambientais e extensão das áreas a serem estudadas. Diante disto, modelagem hidrológica se apresenta como um instrumento fundamental nestas quantificações. Através da aplicação de princípios de uma ou mais teorias e conceitos, os modelos hidrológicos são capazes de reproduzir os fenômenos hídricos dentro de uma escala de tempo definida, estimando componentes do fluxo hidrológico, anteriormente desconhecidos ou não quantificados. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica com a conceituação e uma breve descrição do histórico da modelagem hidráulico-hidrológica e os principais tipos de modelos hidrológicos, classificados segundo com base em sua conceituação, bem como a sua aplicabilidade

Brain effects of cannabis: neuroimaging findings

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug. Despite this, only a small number of studies have investigated the long-term neurotoxic consequences of cannabis use. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are powerful research tools to investigate possible cannabis-induced pathophysiological changes. A computer literature review was conducted in the MEDLINE and PsycLIT databases between 1966 and November of 2004 with the search terms 'cannabis', 'marijuana', 'neuroimaging', 'magnetic resonance', 'computed tomography', 'positron emission tomography', 'single photon emission computed tomography, 'SPET', 'MRI' and 'CT'. Structural neuroimaging studies have yielded conflicting results. Most studies report no evidence of cerebral atrophy or regional changes in tissue volumes, and one study suggested that long-term users who started regular use on early adolescence have cerebral atrophy as well as reduction in gray matter. However, several methodological shortcomings limit the interpretation of these results.Functional neuroimaging studies have reported increases in neural activity in regions that may be related with cannabis intoxication or mood-change effects (orbital and mesial frontal lobes, insula, and anterior cingulate) and decreases in activity of regions related with cognitive functions impaired during acute intoxication.The important question whether residual neurotoxic effects occur after prolonged and regular use of cannabis remains unclear, with no study addressing this question directly. Better designed neuroimaging studies, combined with cognitive evaluation, may be elucidative on this issue.A maconha é a droga ilícita mais utilizada. Apesar disto, apenas um pequeno número de estudos investigaram as conseqüências neurotóxicas de longo prazo do uso de cannabis. As técnicas de neuroimagem se constituem em poderosos instrumentos para investigar alterações neuroanatômicas e neurofuncionais e suas correlações clínicas e neuropsicológicas. Uma revisão computadorizada da literatura foi conduzida nos indexadores MEDLINE e PsycLIT entre 1966 e novembro de 2004 com os termos 'cannabis', 'marijuana', 'neuroimaging', 'magnetic resonance', 'computed tomography', 'positron emission tomography', 'single photon emission computed tomography, 'SPET', 'MRI' e 'CT'. Estudos de neuroimagem estrutural apresentam resultados conflitantes, com a maioria dos estudos não relatando atrofia cerebral ou alterações volumétricas regionais. Contudo, há uma pequena evidência de que usuários de longo prazo que iniciaram um uso regular no início da adolescência apresentam atrofia cerebral assim como redução na substância cinzenta. Estudos de neuroimagem funcional relatam aumento na atividade neural em regiões que podem estar relacionadas com intoxicação por cannabis e alteração do humor (lobos frontais mesial e orbital) e redução na atividade de regiões relacionadas com funções cognitivas prejudicadas durante a intoxicação aguda. A questão crucial se efeitos neurotóxicos residuais ocorrem após o uso prolongado e regular de maconha permanece obscura, não existindo até então estudo endereçando esta questão diretamente. Estudos de neuroimagem com melhores desenhos, combinados com avaliação cognitiva, podem ser elucidativos neste aspecto.Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Departamento de Neurologia, Psiquiatria e Psicologia MédicaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de PsiquiatriaUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de RadiologiaUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de PsiquiatriaUNIFESP, Faculdade de Medicina Depto. de PsiquiatriaSciEL

EVALUATION OF ENVIROMENTAL DAMAGE IN WATER BODIES: THE SEDIMENTATION CASE IN THE GREAT STREAM OF TAQUARUÇU IN THE CITY OF PALMAS, TOCANTINS.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é medir os custos da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA 06) devido aos processos de assoreamento do Ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande no município de Palmas –TO. Para valorar esses danos, utilizou-se a metodologia de valoração ambiental denominada custo-reposição. Como resultado, pode-se observar que os principais fatores condicionantes do processo de assoreamento são: a implantação, o constante tráfego de veículos nas rodovias TO – 030 e TO – 020, a ocupação antrópica na bacia, bem como o desrespeito às áreas de proteção ambiental - APA’s - dispostas em suas margens. Identificou-se um valor anual correspondente a R$73.472,20, sendo este o valor necessário para o bom funcionamento da ETA; no entanto, os gastos para reparar a degradação do Ribeirão ainda podem ir além. Palavras-chave: assoreamento; valoração; abastecimento; custo de reposição ABSTRACT Evaluation of enviromental damage in water bodies: the sedimentation case in the Great Stream of Taquaruçu in the city of Palmas, Tocantins. The purpose of this study is to measure the costs of the Water Treatment Plant (WTP 06) due to the Great Stream of Taquaruçu sedimentation in the city of Palmas, Tocantins. In order to evaluate the damage it was used the methodology of environmental valuation known as replacement cost. As a result it can be observed that the main factors responsible for sedimentation process are: the implantation and constant vehicle traffic on highways TO-030 and TO-020, anthropic occupation in the watershed, as well as the disrespect for the environmental protection areas –which are placed in its margins. It was identified an annual value corresponding to R$ 73,472.20, which is the amount necessary for the proper functioning of the WTP, however the cost to repair the degradation of stream can still go further. Key words: aggradation, valuation, supply, replacement costsThe purpose of this study is to measure the costs of the Water Treatment Plant (WTP 06) due to the Great Stream of Taquaruçu sedimentation in the city of Palmas, Tocantins. In order to valuate the damage it was used the methodology of environmental valuation known as replacement cost. As a result it can be observed that the main factors responsible for sedimentation process are: the implantation and constant vehicle traffic on highways TO-030 and TO-020, anthropic occupation in the watershed, as well as the disrespect for the environmental protection areas – which are placed in its margins. It was identified an annual value corresponding to R$ 73,472.20, which is the amount necessary for the proper functioning of the WTP, however the cost to repair the degradation of stream can still go further

Trends in morbidity and mortality from COPD in Brazil, 2000 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in overall COPD mortality, as well as trends in in-hospital morbidity and mortality due to COPD, in Brazil, and to validate predictive models. METHODS: This was a population-based study with a time-series analysis of cause-specific morbidity and mortality data for individuals ≥ 40 years of age, obtained from national health information systems for the 2000-2016 period. Morbidity and mortality rates, stratified by gender and age group, were calculated for the same period. We used regression analyses to examine the temporal trends and double exponential smoothing in our analysis of the predictive models for 2017. RESULTS: Over the study period, COPD mortality rates trended downward in Brazil. For both genders, there was a downward trend in the southern, southeastern, and central-western regions. In-hospital morbidity rates declined in all regions, more so in the south and southeast. There were significant changes in the number of hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, and hospital expenses. The predictive models for 2017 showed error rates below 9% and were therefore validated. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, COPD age-adjusted mortality rates have declined in regions with higher socioeconomic indices, where there has been an even sharper decrease in all in-hospital morbidity and mortality variables. In addition to factors such as better treatment adherence and reduced smoking rates, socioeconomic factors appear to be involved in controlling COPD morbidity and mortality. The predictive models estimated here might also facilitate decision making and the planning of health policies aimed at treating COPD

Ocular manifestations in patients diagnosed with dengue in a reference hospital in the city of Manaus, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of ocular alterations in patients diagnosed with dengue, admitted to a reference center for infectious and parasitic diseases in Manaus (AM), Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, analytical, and prospective case series study with 33 patients admitted to the hospital with positive clinical pathology tests during a 90-day period of a dengue epidemic in 2011. The investigations included measurement of visual acuity, macular assessment with Amsler grid test, fundus biomicroscopy, retinography and optical coherence tomography. Results: The average age of the patients was 35.48 years (minimum age 17 years and maximum 69 years). The main symptoms reported were blurred vision, followed by retro-ocular pain, photopsia, halos, foreign bodies, scotoma, double vision, and floaters. Visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/40 (median 20/30). Macular assessment with Amsler Grid Test was unsatisfactory in three patients. The most common retinal findings were perimacular edema, macular edema, retinal hemorrhage, vasculitis, and changes in the retinal pigment epithelium. Optical coherence tomography showed retinal edema in 16 patients (51.51%). Conclusions: In all cases, the disease was self-limiting and resolved spontaneously without treatment. Therefore, this study confirms that ocular manifestations in dengue fever are varied and frequent