7 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Gate-to-gate life cycle assessment of biosurfactants and bioplasticizers production via biotechnological exploitation of fats and waste oils
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the biotransformation of fats and waste oils towards glycolipid biosurfactants and bioplasticizers. The ecological performance and environmental impacts of the bioprocesses were evaluated aiming to assess their present environmental status and thus suggest future improvements using LCA methodology.
RESULTS: Biosurfactants, namely rhamnolipids and sophorolipids were obtained via fermentation. Bioplasticizers, Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) and Monoglycerides (MAG), were developed via enzymatic catalysis with selected enzymes in mesophilic temperatures via ethanolysis and glycerolysis, respectively. The study revealed that air emissions, electricity and thermal energy requirements are the key contributors to the potential environmental impacts in the LCIA. More specifically, rhamnolipids production has less energetic needs compared to sophorolipids manufacturing, resulting thus to lower environmental impacts. The increased thermal requirements of MAG production phase is the main contributor to their negative environmental performance, with the overall energy consumption for MAG production being 3-fold higher than the FAEE formation phase.
CONCLUSIONS: The assessment identified that among the biosurfactant production processes, the sophorolipids production resulted to 22.7% higher environmental impact compared to rhamnolipids. Similarly, FAEE production can be classified as a more environmental friendly process compared to MAG, resulting to 67% lower environmental impact based on the environmental indicators assessed
Recommended from our members
Enzymatic hydrolysis of thermally pre‐treated chitin and antimicrobial activity of N,N'‐diacetylchitobiose
BACKGROUND: N,N’-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNAc2) is known to be highly functional and offers a wide range of applications, especially as an antimicrobial agent. In this study, a thermal pre-treatment process using steam under pressure in an autoclave, has been employed to facilitate subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin with chitinase from Streptomyces griseus.
RESULTS: Pre-treatment of chitin with 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer (pH=6.0) at 121ºC for 60 min, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis involving 24 h incubation, was found to be the best condition for producing the GlcNAc2. The GlcNAc2 obtained was tested regarding its antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains and showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at 5 and 10% w/v against Escherichia coli K-12 and Listeria monocytogenes 10403S, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The extent of swelling and crystallite size of chitin increased with the pre-treatment residence time, and enhanced the rate of subsequent hydrolysis using chitinase
Recommended from our members
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of end-of-life dairy products (EoL-DPs) valorization via anaerobic co-digestion with agro-industrial wastes for biogas production
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess the environmental impacts of End-of-Life Dairy Products (EoL-DPs) management via their co-treatment with agro-industrial wastes (AgW) in a centralized biogas facility located in Cyprus using a gate-to-gate LCA approach. Two different scenarios were examined under the framework of this project. In the first one, co-treatment of EoL-DPs with various AgW (in a 20/80, w/w, ratio) was evaluated in a one-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) process. In the second scenario, the same amount of EoL-DPs were acidified before methanogenesis with AgW in order to improve biogas production.
RESULTS: Prior acidification of EoL-DPs showed a better environmental performance compared to the results obtained upon direct co-digestion in a mesophilic digester, having a total impact of 52.44 Pt against 57.13 Pt respectively. Biogas production upon acidification, and therefore energy yield, was higher reaching up to 22.88 m3 CH4/ton of feed (229.25 kWh/ton of feed), compared to 17.45 m3 CH4/on of feed (174.85 kWh/ton of feed) for the case where no pretreatment was performed.
CONCLUSIONS: The acidification of EoL-DPs enhanced the environmental performance of the process by reducing its impact by 8.2% (in Pt equivalents). The energy consumption of the biogas plant mixing equipment was identified as the process hotspot. However, further analysis of the environmental performance of the proposed process is required by extending the system’s boundaries towards a Cradle-to-Grave approach
Recommended from our members
Occurrence of non-toxic bioemulsifiers during polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Pseudomonas strains valorizing crude glycerol by-product
While screening for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing strains, using glycerol rich byproduct as carbon source, it was observed that extracellular polymers were also secreted into the culture broth. The scope of this study was to characterize both intracellular and extracellular polymers, produced by Pseudomonas putida NRRL B 14875 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis DSM 50083, mostly focusing on those novel extracellular polymers. It was found that they fall into the class of bioemulsifiers (BE), as they showed excellent emulsion stability against different hydrocarbons/oils at various pH conditions, temperature and salinity concentrations. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that BE produced by P. chlororaphis inhibited the growth of highly pigmented human melanoma cells (MNT-1) by 50% at concentrations between 150-200 μg/mL, while no effect was observed on normal skin primary keratinocytes and melanocytes. This is the first study reporting mcl-PHA production by P. putida NRRL B-14785 and bioemulsifier production from both P. putida and P. chlororaphis strains
Recommended from our members
Effects of Burkholderia thailandensis rhamnolipids on the unicellular algae Dunaliella tertiolecta
The effects of rhamnolipids (RLs) produced and further purified from Burkholderia thailandensis, on the unicellular microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta were investigated, in terms of RLs ability to affect algal growth, photosynthetic apparatus structure and energy flux, round and through photosystems II and I. Specifically, 24–48 h RLs-treated algae (RLs at concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 mg L−1) showed significantly decreased levels of growth rate, while increased levels of Chl a and b were obtained only in 72–96 h RLs-treated algae. Similarly, although no changes were obtained in the Chl a/b ratio and almost all chlorophyll fluorescence parameters over time, yields of electron transport (ϕR0, ϕE0) and respective performance index (PItotal) were negatively affected at 72 and 96 h. Based on those findings, it seems that the inhibitory effect of RLs on the algae growth rate after 24 and 48 h and the gradual attenuation of the phenomenon (after 72 h of exposure), may indicate the initial response of the organism, as well as algae ability to overcome, since RLs showed no effects on algae photosynthetic ability. Those findings reveal for the first time that RLs from Burkholderia thailandensis are not harmful for Dunaliella tertiolecta. However, further studies with the use of more aquatic species could be essential for assessing the RLs-mediated effects on aquatic biota
Production of poly - hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from pure and mixed cultures of microorganisms using synthetic substrates and olive oil mill wastewater
During the last years the widespread use of plastic materials combined with the fact that even after their disposal these materials remain in the environment for many years, has caused one of the major environmental problems worldwide. For this reason special emphasis has been given to the development of materials which have the ability to degrade in the environment in which they are disposed and are called biodegradable polymers. Among the various types of materials that are induced in this category the group of Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) attracts great interest.More than 300 strains of microorganisms have been characterized for their ability to synthesize and accumulate these polymers as carbon and energy storage. PHAs are accumulated in the form of intracellular inclusions (granules) when the microbial faces dynamic conditions which have to do with a lack of a useful for microbial growth component. Such conditions are achieved by providing a growth-limiting the medium in nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, oxygen in the presence of excess carbon source which microorganisms use as precursor for PHAs production..In the present thesis a mixed culture of microorganisms capable of producing PHAs was developed using activated sludge. The enrichment of the culture to PHAs forming bacteria took place in a draw ‘n fill reactor and the culture was submitted to alternating cycling between limitation of carbon and nitrogen substrates.After several cycles of operation under the above-mentioned conditions, the behavior of the culture seemed to stabilize and the microbial consortium that represented the ‘enriched’ culture was identified via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six different strains were isolated which were found to belong to the Pseudomonas genus. . The isolated strains and the ‘enriched’ culture were subsequently studied in terms of PHAs accumulation capacity under aerobic, nitrogen-limiting conditions as well as under dual nitrogen and oxygen limiting conditions. In these cases the carbon source used was a synthetic mixture of acetate, propionate and butyrate as well as acidified olive oil mill wastewater (outflow of mesophilicixreactor used for biohydrogen production) which was rich in volatile fatty acids. According to experimental data obtained, the ‘enriched’ mixed culture gave the best results in terms of PHAs accumulation and yield and was consequently selected for further investigation.Subsequently, batch experiments were performed in order to investigate the optimal conditions for PHAs production by the ‘enriched’ mixed culture using synthetic substrates i.e. acetic, propionic and butyric acid. Specifically, (a) the influence of the initial pH using as carbon source a mixture of acetic, propionic and butyric acid (g/l 1:1:1) was studied, (b) the effect of the carbon source in the distribution of metabolic products using either acetic or propionic or butyric acid and all possible combinations thereof was studied and (c) the effect of the ratio c / N in the medium using as carbon source a mixture of acetic, propionic and butyric acid (g/l 1:1:1) was studied. Furthermore, the microbial growth through consumption of intracellular accumulated PHAs using extracellular nitrogen source with simultaneous absence of a carbon source was investigated as well as the intracellular biodegradation of PHAs for biomass maintenance.By using the MATLAB software it was attempted to simulate and predict both the consumption of the carbon source and the distribution of PHAs produced in the experiments related to the production of PHAs from different carbon sources.Finally, in an effort to reduce the cost of the substrate which reduces the cost of produced PHAs, we investigated the use of acidified olive mill wastewater in a continuous SBR type reactor.Κατά την διάρκεια των τελευταίων χρόνων η εκτεταμένη χρήση των πλαστικών υλικών σε συνδυασμό με το γεγονός πως ακόμη και μετά την διάθεση τους τα υλικά αυτά παραμένουν στο περιβάλλον για πολλά χρόνια, έχει προκαλέσει ένα από τα σημαντικότερα περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα. Για τον λόγο αυτό ιδιαίτερη έμφαση έχει δοθεί στην ανάπτυξη υλικών τα οποία έχουν την ικανότητα να αποδομούνται από το περιβάλλον στο οποίο διατίθενται και ονομάζονται βιοδιασπώμενα πολυμερή. Μεταξύ των διαφόρων τύπων υλικών που επάγονται σε αυτή την κατηγορία μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον έχει προκαλέσει η ομάδα των πολύ-υδροξυαλκανεστέρων (Poly-hydroxyalkanoates: PHAs).Περισσότερα από 300 στελέχη μικροοργανισμών έχουν χαρακτηριστεί ως προς την ικανότητα τους να συνθέτουν και να συσσωρεύουν τα πολυμερή αυτά ως αποθήκη άνθρακα και ενέργειας. Η συσσώρευση των PHAs πραγματοποιείται με την μορφή ενδοκυτταρικών εγκλεισμάτων όταν ο μικροβιακός πληθυσμός καλείται να ανταπεξέλθει κάτω από δυναμικές συνθήκες οι οποίες έχουν να κάνουν με την έλλειψη ενός χρήσιμου για την μικροβιακή ανάπτυξη συστατικού. Τέτοιες συνθήκες επιτυγχάνονται με περιορισμό του θρεπτικού μέσου σε άζωτο, φωσφόρο, μαγνήσιο, θείο, οξυγόνο ενώ υπάρχει υπερεπάρκεια όσον αφορά την πηγή άνθρακα την οποία οι μικροοργανισμοί θα χρησιμοποιήσουν ως υπόστρωμα για την παραγωγή PHAs.Στην παρούσα διατριβή αναπτύχτηκε μικτή καλλιέργεια μικροοργανισμών ικανών για παραγωγή PHAs χρησιμοποιώντας δραστική λάσπη ως πρώτη ύλη. Ο εμπλουτισμός της καλλιέργειας σε ΡΗΑ-συσσωρευτικά βακτήρια πραγματοποιήθηκε σε αντιδραστήρα περιοδικής πλήρωσης και απορροής (draw ‘n fill reactor) ενώ η στρατηγική εμπλουτισμού που ακολουθήθηκε ήταν η εναλλαγή μεταξύ περιοριστικών υποστρωμάτων άνθρακα και αζώτου στο θρεπτικό μέσο.Η ‘εμπλουτισμένη’ μικτή καλλιέργεια χαρακτηρίστηκε όσον αφορά τα κυρίαρχα στελέχη που την απαρτίζουν μέσω τεχνικής αλυσιδωτής αντίδρασης πολυμεράσης (Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR). Έξι διαφορετικά στελέχη απομονώθηκαν τα οποία βρέθηκαν να ανήκουν στο γένος Pseudomonas. Κάθε ένα από αυτά μαζί με την μικτή καλλιέργεια μελετήθηκαν ως προςviiτην ικανότητα τους να παράγουν PHAs τόσο σε αερόβιες συνθήκες απουσίας αζώτου όσο και σε συνθήκες απουσίας αζώτου με ταυτόχρονο περιορισμό σε οξυγόνο. Στις παραπάνω περιπτώσεις ως πηγή άνθρακα χρησιμοποιήθηκε συνθετικό μίγμα πτητικών λιπαρών οξέων (οξικό, προπιονικό, βουτυρικό) καθώς επίσης και οξυνισμένο απόβλητο ελαιοτριβείου (εκροή μεσόφιλου υδρογονοπαραγωγού αντιδραστήρα) πλούσιο σε πτητικά λιπαρά οξέα. Σύμφωνα με τα πειραματικά δεδομένα η μικτή καλλιέργεια έδωσε τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα όσον αφορά τα ποσοστά συσσώρευσης και τους συντελεστές απόδοσης σε PHAs οπότε και προτιμήθηκε η χρήση και η περαιτέρω μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς της.Στην συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα διαλείποντος έργου για την διερεύνηση των βέλτιστων συνθηκών παραγωγής PHAs από την εμπλουτισμένη καλλιέργεια χρησιμοποιώντας συνθετικά υποστρώματα δηλαδή οξικό, προπιονικό και βουτυρικό οξύ. Συγκεκριμένα μελετήθηκε: (α) η επίδραση του αρχικού pH χρησιμοποιώντας ως πηγή άνθρακα μίγμα οξικού, προπιονικού και βουτυρικού οξέος (g/l 1:1:1), (β) η επίδραση της πηγής άνθρακα στην κατανομή των μεταβολικών προϊόντων χρησιμοποιώντας είτε οξικό είτε προπιονικό είτε βουτυρικό οξύ καθώς και τους πιθανούς συνδυασμούς αυτών και (γ) η επίδραση του λόγου C/N στο θρεπτικό μέσο χρησιμοποιώντας ως πηγή άνθρακα μίγμα οξικού, προπιονικού και βουτυρικού οξέος (g/l 1:1:1). Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη της ανάπτυξης της κυτταρικής βιομάζας μέσω της κατανάλωσης των ενδοκυτταρικά συσσωρευμένων PHAs παρουσία εξωκυτταρικής πηγής αζώτου με ταυτόχρονη απουσία πηγής άνθρακα καθώς και η ενδοκυτταρική βιοαποδόμηση των PHAs για λόγους συντήρησης της βιομάζας.Κάνοντας χρήση του λογισμικού πακέτου MATLAB επιχειρήθηκε η πρόβλεψη τόσο της κατανάλωσης της πηγής άνθρακα όσο και της κατανομής των παραγόμενων PHAs στα πειράματα που αφορούν την παραγωγή των PHAs από διαφορετικές πηγές άνθρακα.Τέλος, σε μια προσπάθεια μείωσης του κόστους του υποστρώματος η οποία συνεπάγεται μείωση του κόστους των παραγόμενων PHAs, διερευνήθηκε η εκμετάλλευση οξυνισμένου αποβλήτου ελαιοτριβείου το οποίο ήταν προϊόν εκροής μεσόφιλου υδρογονοπαραγωγού αντιδραστήρα σε αντιδραστήρα συνεχούς λειτουργίας τύπου SBR
Bacterial Cellulose Production from Industrial Waste and by-Product Streams
The utilization of fermentation media derived from waste and by-product streams from biodiesel and confectionery industries could lead to highly efficient production of bacterial cellulose. Batch fermentations with the bacterial strain Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans DSM (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen) 15973 were initially carried out in synthetic media using commercial sugars and crude glycerol. The highest bacterial cellulose concentration was achieved when crude glycerol (3.2 g/L) and commercial sucrose (4.9 g/L) were used. The combination of crude glycerol and sunflower meal hydrolysates as the sole fermentation media resulted in bacterial cellulose production of 13.3 g/L. Similar results (13 g/L) were obtained when flour-rich hydrolysates produced from confectionery industry waste streams were used. The properties of bacterial celluloses developed when different fermentation media were used showed water holding capacities of 102–138 g·water/g·dry bacterial cellulose, viscosities of 4.7–9.3 dL/g, degree of polymerization of 1889.1–2672.8, stress at break of 72.3–139.5 MPa and Young’s modulus of 0.97–1.64 GPa. This study demonstrated that by-product streams from the biodiesel industry and waste streams from confectionery industries could be used as the sole sources of nutrients for the production of bacterial cellulose with similar properties as those produced with commercial sources of nutrients