Modern Didactic Text in Russian: Mechanisms of Perception and Principles of Construction

The article is devoted to the study of cognitive mechanisms of perception of textual information: stages and peculiarities of its intellectual processing and its understanding and internalization in the light of the activity-based theory of cognition. The author analyzes the existing approaches to the definition of the essence of the modern didactic text, which is not to focus on memorizing concepts, but on the development of independence and creative attitude to learning. This requires a fundamentally new approach to the structure of the textbook as a whole and its individual sections (themes) in particular, taking into account the psychological laws of information acquisition and specific features of formation of cognitive and metacognitive operations of the child. Special attention is given to psycholinguistic methods and techniques of identification of the nature of reception of the didactic text in the unity of its formal and content parameters. The article poses a postulate about the need to take into consideration these mechanisms in the process of design (development) of a didactic text in Russian for students of secondary general education institutions. The didactic text is analyzed from two angles: 1) from the standpoint of the person reading (listening to) the text and modeling the image of the content of the text perceived in their mind; 2) from the standpoint of the author of the text. The article contains experimental data, which make it possible to identify the factors that determine the nature of perception of the didactic text. The author concentrates her attention on individual psychological differences of information perception both via verbal and non-verbal codes and specificity of acquisition of information presented in different ways (in particular, by way of algorithms or equivalents). The author’s analysis of typical exercises and tasks (including after-reading tasks), which can be found in modern textbooks of the Russian language, in terms of their cognitive “comfort” and efficiency for children with different lateral profiles is methodologically important. The study reveals the factors facilitating perception and understanding of the learning material or hindering these processes. The research results include a practical guide for teachers-philologists, specialists in methods, and psycholinguists regarding the form and the content of didactic texts (including game-based ones) for teaching Russian.Статья посвящена исследованию когнитивных механизмов восприятия текстовой ин- формации: этапам и особенностям ее интеллектуальной обработки, осмысления и интериоризации в свете деятельностной теории познания. Автором анализируются существующие подходы к определению сути современного учебного текста, который должен быть ориентирован не на заучивание понятий, а на развитие самостоятельности, творческого отношения к учению. Это требует принципиально нового подхода к конструированию структуры как учебника в целом, так и отдельных его разделов (тем) с учетом психологических закономерностей овладения информацией, особенностей формирования у ребенка когнитивных и метакогнитивных операций. Особое внимание при этом уделяется психолингвистическим методам и методикам выявления характера рецепции учебного текста в единстве его формальных и содержательных параметров. Выдвигается постулат о необходимости учета этих механизмов в процессе разработки (конструирования) учебного текста по русскому языку для обучающихся средних общеобразовательных учреждений. Учебный текст анализируется в двух аспектах: 1) с позиций человека читающего (слушающего) и моделирующего в своем сознании образ содержания воспринимаемого текста; 2) с позиций разработчика, конструирующего учебный текст. Приводятся экспериментальные данные, позволяющие выявить факторы, определяющие характер восприятия учебного текста. Акцентируется внимание на индивидуально-психологических различиях восприятия информации, представленной как вербальным, так и невербальным кодами; специфике усвоения информации, предъявляемой различными способами (в частности, алгоритмами или аналогами). Методологически важным является представленный в статье анализ типовых упражнений и заданий (в том числе притекстовых), содержащихся в современных школьных учебниках по русскому языку, в аспекте их когнитивной «комфортности» и продуктивности для детей с разными латеральными профилями. Выявляются факторы, способствующие восприятию и пониманию учебной информации или затрудняющие эти процессы. В качестве результатов анализа материала предлагаются практические рекомендации для учителей-словесников, методистов, психолингвистов относительно формы и содержания учебного текста (в том числе игрового) по русскому языку

Creative syncretism of speech genres threats and appeasement in sacred texts of traditional folk culture

The article analyzes the texts of archaic folk culture (spells, incantations, incantations, divination), which are considered as a set of cultural codes of sacred communication, not limited to verbal components. Explores the nature of speech genres of threat and appeasement which, in the analyzed texts that embody a conditional set of real and imaginary, deshow existing in the popular mind the strategy of interaction with the unreal world. The analysis allows us to speak of a "creative syncretism" of techniques for creating a suggestive effect of the described cultural texts, which have the same structure, common presuppositions and a set of language tools for different intentions. The structure of the suggestive mental scenario of texts, which correlates with the features of mythological thinking, is determined.В статье анализируются тексты архаической народной культуры (заговоры, заклинания, заклички), которые рассматриваются в совокупности культурных кодов сакральной коммуникации, не ограниченной вербальной составляющей. Выявляется специфика речевых жанров угрозы и задабривания, которые в рамках анализируемых текстов, воплощающих условный комплекс реального и воображаемого, демонстрируют существующие в народном сознании стратегии взаимодействия с нереальным миром. Анализ позволяет говорить о «креативном синкретизме» приемов создания суггестивного эффекта описываемых культурных текстов. Они имеют одинаковую структуру и общие пресуппозиции при разных интенциях участников сакральной коммуникации и наборах языковых средств. Определена структура суггестивного ментального сценария текстов, которая соотносится с особенностями мифологического мышления

Translation of Konovalova, S. I. and A. M. Krivkova. 1971. Materialy k biologicheskoi kharakteristike avirulentnykh shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot dikikh zhivotnykh [= Materials toward a biological characterization of avirulent strains of \u3ci\u3eToxoplasma\u3c/i\u3e isolated from wild animals]. \u3ci\u3eVoprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei\u3c/i\u3e [= \u3ci\u3eContributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases\u3c/i\u3e]. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 4: 54-64

Translation number 34, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, January 9, 1973 (6 pages) Translation of Konovalova, S. I. and A. M. Krivkova. 1971. Materialy k biologicheskoi kharakteristike avirulentnykh shtammov toksoplazm, vydelennykh ot dikikh zhivotnykh [= Materials toward a biological characterization of avirulent strains of Toxoplasma isolated from wild animals]. Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei [= Contributions on the Natural Nidality of Diseases]. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, USSR 4: 54-64 Translated from Russian to English by Frederick K. Plous, Jr. Edited by Norman D. Levine (notated jm

The effect of cell pretreatment on cell surface topology studied via atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy allows distinctively interpret the results of cell structure research together with another techniques using, at that, the same biological preparations. However, there are still discussion situation concerning application of atomic force microscopy with fixed cells. In this work, using spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques, we investigated morphometric parameters of cells in conditions of fixation with various chemical preparations as well as at drying and staining. We calculated phenomenological parameters and obtained histograms of distribution of adhesion forces of the probe toward a surface of cell membranes. The minimal disturbing effects were detected in the cases of a simple cell drying without fixation and staining. © IDOSI Publications, 2012

The 2011 October Draconids Outburst. II. Meteoroid Chemical Abundances from Fireball Spectroscopy

On October 8, 2011 the Earth crossed dust trails ejected from comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in the late 19th and early 20th Century. This gave rise to an outburst in the activity of the October Draconid meteor shower, and an international team was organized to analyze this event. The SPanish Meteor Network (SPMN) joined this initiative and recorded the October Draconids by means of low light level CCD cameras. In addition, spectroscopic observations were carried out. Tens of multi-station meteor trails were recorded, including an extraordinarily bright October Draconid fireball (absolute mag. -10.5) that was simultaneously imaged from three SPMN meteor ob-serving stations located in Andalusia. Its spectrum was obtained, showing a clear evolution in the relative intensity of emission lines as the fireball penetrated deeper into the atmosphere. Here we focus on the analysis of this remarkable spectrum, but also discuss the atmospheric trajectory, atmospheric penetration, and orbital data computed for this bolide which was probably released during 21P/Giacobini-Zinner return to perihelion in 1907. The spectrum is discussed together with the tensile strength for the October Draconid meteoroids. The chemical profile evolution of the main rocky elements for this extremely bright bolide is compared with the elemental abundances obtained for 5 October Draconid fireballs also recorded during our spectroscopic campaign but observed only at a single station. Significant chemical heterogeneity between the small meteoroids is found as we should expect for cometary aggregates being formed by diverse dust components.Comment: Manuscript in press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Accepted for publication in MNRAS on April 28th, 2013 Manuscript Pages: 28 Tables: 5 Figures: 12. Manuscript associated: "The 2011 October Draconids outburst. I. Orbital elements, meteoroid fluxes and 21P/Giacobini-Zinner delivered mass to Earth" by Trigo-Rodriguez et al. is also in press in the same journa

Problems of research of speech activities of bilingual students in the context of contemporary linguistic situation

Situation of bilinguism is discussed on the basis of people speaking both Armenian (native for the person or his/her ancestors) and Russian. One of the languages is, as a rule, dominating in the mind of the bilingual person, it “forces out” the second, though the ideal situation may occur when both languages are equal, their usage is accompanied by meta-language reflection on both of them, their differences and similarities.Рассматривается ситуация билингвизма на примере людей, владеющих как армянским (родным для себя или предков), так и русским языками. Демонстрируется, что, как правило, один из языков в сознании билингва является доминирующим, «вытесняет» другой, хотя наблюдается и ситуация, признаваемая идеальной, – равное владение обоими языками, сопровождающееся метаязыковой рефлексией по поводу каждого из них, их сходства и различия

Realization of potential of enterprise structure development as the criterion of ensuring the object-differentiated approach to rendering the state support : the Russian Federation

The objective of the research. Undertaken in the conditions of an economic crisis and sanctions restrictions the attempts of system optimization of business activity state regulation in Russia still don't contribute to increase in business sector efficiency and to full accomplishment of all assigned social and economic functions. In the article the author rationalizes the point, assuming that in the basis of state regulation system the implementation level of entrepreneurial structure capacity, as the most adequate criterion of rendering the state support of business activity, which besides shall carry an object-differentiated nature, shall be laid. Short description of methodology. In the article authors offer an original interpretation of the concept "potential of enterprise structure development" and a method to calculate an indicator "the realization level of potential of enterprise structure development" as key criterion at realizing an object-differentiated approach to rendering the state support of enterprise structures. Compilation of the most important research results and their significance. In the article based on the formed differentiation criteria of measures of the state support of entrepreneurial structures authors offer the measures system differentiated on the bases of the implementation level of potential of entrepreneurial structures development and the importance of this structure in strategic priorities system of territorial development on preferential creation of institutional conditions for an entrepreneurship development; on internal capacity development of entrepreneurial structures; on direct support of business activity.peer-reviewe

Transformations in the grain boundary ensemble of M1 copper subjected to equal-channel angular pressing during recrystallization annealing

The grain structure of M1 copper subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent annealing at 593K for 1 h is studied by means of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with the diffraction of backscattered electron

MOOС: new model of e-learning in secondary vocational education

The article describes models of massive open online courses regarding secondary vocational educationВ статье рассматриваются модели массовых открытых онлайн-курсов относительно среднего профессионального образования и проблемы их реализаци