8 research outputs found
Instrument Development of a Discrete Choice Experiment for Eliciting Clients' Preference in Alcohol Brief Intervention by Community Pharmacists
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāļŠāļļāļĢāļē (Alcohol brief intervention; ABI) āđāļāļĒāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļē āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāđāļŠāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļ DCE āļāđāļāļāļāļģāđāļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļŠāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE āļāļķāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 6 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ 1) āļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ° 2) āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļ DCE 3) āļāļāļāđāļāļ DCE āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļģāđāļĢāđāļāļĢāļđāļ 4) āļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE 5) āļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļģāļĢāđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ° 6) āļāļāļāđāļāļ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĄ 6 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđ 1) āļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ ABI āļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ 5 āļāđāļēāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļĢāļēāļāļēāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŪāļāļĨāđ āļŠāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļē 2) āļāļģāļŦāļāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāđāļĄāđāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļāļ·āđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄāđāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļ 3) āļāļđāđāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩ efficient design āđāļāļĒāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļģāđāļĢāđāļāļĢāļđāļ 4) āļāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļāļģāļāļēāļĄ DCE āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļ DCE āļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Think aloud technique āļŠāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļąāļāļĨāļđāļāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāļŠāļļāļĢāļēāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 3 āđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļĄāļēāļāļģāļāļ§āļ 7 āļāļ 5) āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļģāļĢāđāļāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļ 32 āļāļ āļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļīāļĻāļāļēāļāļāļāļāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļāđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļŦāļāđāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩ āđāļĨāļ° 6) āļāļģāļāđāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļīāļĻāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļģāļĢāđāļāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļāđāļāļ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Bayesian efficient design āļāđāļāđāļ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļŠāļāļāļāļķāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŪāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĒāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļē āļāļķāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 6 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE āļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļģāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđāđāļāđ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: discrete choice experiment, āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļ, āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļē, āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļŠāļąāđāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŪāļāļĨāđAbstract Objective: To develop a discrete choice experiment for eliciting clients' preference in Alcohol brief intervention (ABI) by community pharmacists and illustrate a detailed procedure for constructing a DCE questionnaire before conducting the main survey. Methods: Mixed method approach was used to construct a DCE questionnaire, which consists of 6 steps: 1) selecting attributes and their levels, 2) determining the construction of DCE and analysis requirement, 3) designing DCE, 4) face validity testing of DCE, 5) pilot study and 6) re-designing DCE for the main survey. Results: The results of the six-step study were as follows. 1) Five characteristics of ABI by community pharmacists influencing the choice of service, namely cost of service, counseling session, screening alcohol risk drinking method, mode of conversation, and a continuation of the conversation were found. 2) Generic DCE with two alternatives and the opt-out option were determined. 3) The efficient design was used to construct the DCE by using a package software. 4) The explanation of DCE was adjusted via think-aloud technique with seven respondents sampled from clients who had drunk alcohol in the past three months. 5) The pilot study of 32 people showed that directions of most coefficients were consistent with the theory. 6) Coefficients with their directions were used for DEC design which will be used in the main study using Bayesian efficient design. Conclusion: This research presented a detailed 6-step process for designing a DCE questionnaire in ABI by community pharmacists. This service was composed of five characteristics suitable for applying to the main survey. Other similar studies could apply this DCE approach. Key words: discrete choice experiment, instrument development, community pharmacy, alcohol screening and brief interventio
Instrument Development of a Discrete Choice Experiment for Eliciting Clients' Preference in Alcohol Brief Intervention by Community Pharmacists
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāļŠāļļāļĢāļē (Alcohol brief intervention; ABI) āđāļāļĒāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļē āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāđāļŠāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļ DCE āļāđāļāļāļāļģāđāļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļāļāļŠāļĄāļāļŠāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE āļāļķāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 6 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ 1) āļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ° 2) āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļ DCE 3) āļāļāļāđāļāļ DCE āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļģāđāļĢāđāļāļĢāļđāļ 4) āļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE 5) āļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļģāļĢāđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ° 6) āļāļāļāđāļāļ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĄ 6 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđ 1) āļāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ ABI āļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ 5 āļāđāļēāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļĢāļēāļāļēāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŪāļāļĨāđ āļŠāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļē 2) āļāļģāļŦāļāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāđāļĄāđāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļāļ·āđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄāđāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļ 3) āļāļđāđāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩ efficient design āđāļāļĒāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļŠāļģāđāļĢāđāļāļĢāļđāļ 4) āļāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļāļģāļāļēāļĄ DCE āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļ DCE āļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Think aloud technique āļŠāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļąāļāļĨāļđāļāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāļŠāļļāļĢāļēāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 3 āđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļĄāļēāļāļģāļāļ§āļ 7 āļāļ 5) āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļģāļĢāđāļāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļ 32 āļāļ āļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļīāļĻāļāļēāļāļāļāļāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļāđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļŦāļāđāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĪāļĐāļāļĩ āđāļĨāļ° 6) āļāļģāļāđāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļīāļĻāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļģāļĢāđāļāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļāđāļāļ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Bayesian efficient design āļāđāļāđāļ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāđāļŠāļāļāļāļķāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļ DCE āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŪāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĒāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļē āļāļķāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 6 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ DCE āļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļģāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđāđāļāđ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: discrete choice experiment, āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļ, āđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļē, āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļŠāļąāđāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļĄāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŪāļāļĨāđAbstract Objective: To develop a discrete choice experiment for eliciting clients' preference in Alcohol brief intervention (ABI) by community pharmacists and illustrate a detailed procedure for constructing a DCE questionnaire before conducting the main survey. Methods: Mixed method approach was used to construct a DCE questionnaire, which consists of 6 steps: 1) selecting attributes and their levels, 2) determining the construction of DCE and analysis requirement, 3) designing DCE, 4) face validity testing of DCE, 5) pilot study and 6) re-designing DCE for the main survey. Results: The results of the six-step study were as follows. 1) Five characteristics of ABI by community pharmacists influencing the choice of service, namely cost of service, counseling session, screening alcohol risk drinking method, mode of conversation, and a continuation of the conversation were found. 2) Generic DCE with two alternatives and the opt-out option were determined. 3) The efficient design was used to construct the DCE by using a package software. 4) The explanation of DCE was adjusted via think-aloud technique with seven respondents sampled from clients who had drunk alcohol in the past three months. 5) The pilot study of 32 people showed that directions of most coefficients were consistent with the theory. 6) Coefficients with their directions were used for DEC design which will be used in the main study using Bayesian efficient design. Conclusion: This research presented a detailed 6-step process for designing a DCE questionnaire in ABI by community pharmacists. This service was composed of five characteristics suitable for applying to the main survey. Other similar studies could apply this DCE approach. Key words: discrete choice experiment, instrument development, community pharmacy, alcohol screening and brief interventio
Preferences for participating in a new community pharmacy alcohol brief intervention in Thailand: Discrete choice experiment with assessment of external validity
Purpose: To explore the clientsâ preferences for brief alcohol intervention features delivered by community pharmacists, and to evaluate the external validity of discrete choice experiment (DCE) by comparing predicted choices with actual choices. Methods: A generic DCE questionnaire was filled out by 300 drinking clients selected by nine community pharmacists based on convenience sampling. Respondents made repeated choices between two hypothetical ABI alternatives according to five attributes, and a third alternative of no participation. One choice task was added to test choice rationality. Choice data were analyzed using a mixed logit model. The predicted choice external validity assessment of DCE was compared to actual participation at the population and individual levels. Results: A total of 162 customers from one pharmacy who passed the choice rationality test were included in the preference model. Most attributes in the model were significant at the 5 % level, influencing participation in the ABI service. The aggregate decision to participate in the ABI service was minimally overestimated by the DCE model. At the individual level, a lower accuracy was observed. Conclusion: The results provide useful information for policymakers to implement the alcohol-related problem prevention strategy in community pharmacies in Thailand. Future research may require an establishment of the DCE model's external validity to incorporate terms of interaction and assess why the participants did not do as they had decided
Development of pharmacy competency framework for the changing demands of Thailandâs pharmaceutical and health services
Background: In Thailand, pharmacists are responsible for all activities to ensure access to medicines throughout pharmaceutical supply chain. Competency framework (CF) is an important guidance for professional development and workforce planning.
Objective: This study aimed to explore needs for pharmacy services in pharmaceutical supply chain and competencies of pharmacists to serve those needs. It was the first step for developing evidence-based pharmacy CF within the context of Thailand in 2026.
Methods: A qualitative method using in-depth interviews to gain rich data from practitioners and leaders in all area of practices. 99 key informants from 56 workplaces in Thailand were interviewed during January and March 2016. Data was transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was used. Competencies were extracted, followed by several rounds of group discussion among team members to develop an initial framework. The competencies and CF were presented, and recommendations were gained from professional leaders for refining the findings.
Results: The key informants agreed that pharmacistâs works and responsibilities have gradually been drifted to support changes in healthcare and pharmaceutical systems. The upcoming pharmaceutical services call for higher standards of practice, larger number of personnel, and skillful pharmacists who have strong foundation in pharmaceutical knowledge as well as an ability to integrate knowledge into practices. Two sets of CFs were established. The general CF comprises five core domains: product focus, patient focus, healthcare system focus, community focus, and personal focus for self-improvement. These general competencies allow practitioners to perform basic professional tasks, including providing information, dispensing, and compounding. The service-specific competency is the integration of general competencies tailored into specific area of practice.
Conclusions: Regarding the professional goal to evolve pharmacists from generalists to specialists for providing higher quality of professional services, the pharmacists are required to demonstrate general competencies and service-specific competencies. The findings serve as the need-based evidence for developing a national CF for pharmacists in Thailand
<b>Prediction Markets of Dosage Form Development</b><b> </b><b>for Incrementally Modified </b><b>Drugs </b><b>by Pharmaceutical Industry</b><b>in Thailand</b> (Prediction Market in Google Sheet)
The PM application was proceeded within Google Sheets, involving a total of four trading contract cycles, with eight available dosage forms: sustained release, delayed release, orodispersible tablet, nasal spray, chewable tablet, thin film, transdermal patch, and powder in a sachet. These dosage forms are derived from literature reviews and input from pharmaceutical industry experts and prescribers. To participate, investors can input the number of contracts or shares they intend to purchase for a specific drug form by locking the corresponding cell. The initial share or contract price is determined by an initial pricing formula, which will be adjusted based on market demand in subsequent rounds. The study comprises a total of four rounds, and investors are encouraged to invest until information becomes saturated.</p