Анализ ректификационного разделения смеси H2O–D2O на легкую и тяжелую воду методом математического моделирования

Objectives. To apply an analytical method for the calculation of a distillation column for the production of D2O at a two-column Kuhn installation operating under vacuum: to simulate the Kuhn installation in the Hysys software; and to compare experimental and calculated data.Methods. Analytical method for the calculation of distillation columns “from stage to stage,” from the lower theoretical separation stage (TSS) to the upper stage. This method is based on phase equilibrium at the TSS with known data of input flows and component concentrations in the column bottoms. Hysys was used as modeling software.Results. Comparison of the calculation results with Kuhn’s experimental data testified to the high calculation accuracy of the vapor–liquid phase equilibrium for the H2O–D2O mixture at the TSS. The convergence of the D2O material balance for the entire installation was 0.005%. The identification parameter was the number of the column feed plate. Simulation of the Kuhn installation in the Hysys software showed a qualitative agreement of D2O concentrations in material flows. The UNIQUAC (UNIversal QUAsiChemical) model was used to calculate activity coefficients. The found values of the number of theoretical separation stages (NTSS) in both columns, were 88 and 153 taking into account the reboiler and condenser. This is less than the experimental 295 and 400, respectively. The discrepancy can be explained by the increased phase equilibrium H2O constant in the UNIQUAC model. However, the convergence of the material balance in terms of D2O was high and amounted to 1.38·10−6 %. The absolute error of the found concentrations in material flows did not exceed 0.12 mol %.Conclusions. The results obtained indicated the possible use of the Hysys modeling software when searching for and optimizing the operating mode of the block diagram of a cascade of distillation columns with direct and recycle flows to separate a mixture of water into light and heavy water. The final results obtained with regard to the operating mode, inlet and outlet material flows (flow rate, composition, temperature, and pressure drop across the column) are recommended for use in the analytical program for the calculation of the distillation column to refine the NTSS and distribution profile of the concentrations of the H2O and D2O components along the height of the column.Цели. Применение аналитического метода расчета ректификационной колонны для получения D2O в двухколонной установке Куна, работающей под вакуумом. Моделирование установки Куна в программной среде Hysys. Сравнение экспериментальных и расчетных данных.Методы. Аналитический метод расчета ректификационной колонны «от ступени к ступени» от нижней теоретической ступени разделения (ТСР) к верхней, основанный на фазовом равновесии на ТСР при известных исходных данных входных потоков и концентраций компонентов в кубе колонны. Среда моделирования Hysys.Результаты. Сравнение результатов расчета с экспериментальными данными Куна свидетельствовало о высокой точности расчета равновесия фаз пар – жидкость для смеси H2O–D2O на ТСР. Сходимость материального баланса по D2O по установке в целом составила 0.005%. Параметром идентификации являлся номер тарелки питания колонны. Моделирование установки Куна в среде Hysys показало качественное согласование концентраций D2O в материальных потоках. Для расчета коэффициентов активности использована модель UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC). Найденные значения числа теоретических ступеней разделения (ЧТСР) в обеих колоннах с учетом ребойлера и конденсатора составляют 88 и 153, что меньше экспериментальных 295 и 400 соответственно. Расхождение объясняется повышенным значением константы фазового равновесия H2O модели UNIQUAC, однако сходимость материального баланса по D2O высокая и составляет 1.38·10−6 %. Абсолютная погрешность найденных значений концентраций в материальных потоках не превышает 0.12 мол. %.Выводы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о возможном применении среды моделирования Hysys для поиска и оптимизации режима работы структурной схемы каскада ректификационных колонн с прямыми и рецикловыми потоками для разделения смеси воды на легкую и тяжелую воду. Полученные конечные результаты по режиму работы, входным и выходным материальным потокам (расход, состав, температура, перепад давлений по колонне) рекомендовано использовать в аналитической программе расчета ректификационной колонны для уточнения ЧТСР и профиля распределения концентраций компонентов H2O и D2O по высоте колонны

Analyzing the thermal regime of power supply units in portable betatrons by using infrared thermography

Potentials of infrared thermography in analyzing a thermal regime of the 7.5 MeV betatron power supply are discussed. Both the heating rate and thermal inertia of particular electronic components have been evaluated by processing pixel-based temperature histories. The data treatment has been performed by using the original ThermoFit Pro software to illustrate that some advanced processing algorithms, such as the Fourier transform and principle component analysis, are valuable in identifying thermal dynamics of particular power supply parts

Innovative Production Technology of Drinks from Grape Cryopowders

A technology, based on the production of wine beverages from grape cryopowders in the mountain-valley zone of the Republic of Dagestan, is proposed. The data on the vacuum microwave drying of grape raw materials and subsequent grinding in a cryomill are presented. The modes of grape raw material preparation and its subsequent dehydration and cryo-grinding, which provide the possibility of successful use in the dried state in the production technology of wine drinks, are proposed. The principal feature is the use of whole grapes as a raw material, with rinds and seeds. The physical and chemical indicators, the content of phenolic substances and the organoleptic indicators of wine beverages made according to the traditional technology and the beverage made from grape cryopowders were studied. A comparative assessment of beverages was made. It is established that vacuum microwave drying conduces to better preservation of the properties of raw materials and finished products. The organoleptic assessment showed that the wine drinks developed according to the proposed technology had a more intense color and a more pronounced flavor of sweetness and sourness than traditional wine beverages. The advantage of this technology is the ability to transport grape cryopowders in unregulated temperature conditions to any point close to the consumer and carry out the production of wine beverages there

The influence of blood donation on the development of iron deficiency

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of the number of blood donations on the development of iron deficiency.Цель исследования – оценить влияние числа донаций крови на развитие железодефицитного состояния

Developmental regulation of CB1-mediated spike-time dependent depression at immature mossy fiber-CA3 synapses

Early in postnatal life, mossy fibres (MF), the axons of granule cells in the dentate gyrus, release GABA which is depolarizing and excitatory. Synaptic currents undergo spike-time dependent long-term depression (STD-LTD) regardless of the temporal order of stimulation (pre versus post and viceversa). Here we show that at P3 but not at P21, STD-LTD, induced by negative pairing, is mediated by endocannabinoids mobilized from the postsynaptic cell during spiking-induced membrane depolarization. By diffusing backward, endocannabinoids activate cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors probably expressed on MF. Thus, STD-LTD was prevented by CB1 receptor antagonists and was absent in CB1-KO mice. Consistent with these data, in situ hybridization experiments revealed detectable level of CB1 mRNA in the granule cell layer at P3 but not at P21. These results indicate that CB1 receptors are transiently expressed on immature MF terminals where they counteract the enhanced neuronal excitability induced by the excitatory action of GABA

Neuronal Chemokines: Versatile Messengers In Central Nervous System Cell Interaction

Whereas chemokines are well known for their ability to induce cell migration, only recently it became evident that chemokines also control a variety of other cell functions and are versatile messengers in the interaction between a diversity of cell types. In the central nervous system (CNS), chemokines are generally found under both physiological and pathological conditions. Whereas many reports describe chemokine expression in astrocytes and microglia and their role in the migration of leukocytes into the CNS, only few studies describe chemokine expression in neurons. Nevertheless, the expression of neuronal chemokines and the corresponding chemokine receptors in CNS cells under physiological and pathological conditions indicates that neuronal chemokines contribute to CNS cell interaction. In this study, we review recent studies describing neuronal chemokine expression and discuss potential roles of neuronal chemokines in neuron–astrocyte, neuron–microglia, and neuron–neuron interaction

HIV-1 matrix protein p17 misfolding forms toxic amyloidogenic assemblies that induce neurocognitive disorders

© 2017 The Author(s). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-Associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains an important neurological manifestation that adversely affects a patient's quality of life. HIV-1 matrix protein p17 (p17) has been detected in autoptic brain tissue of HAND individuals who presented early with severe AIDS encephalopathy. We hypothesised that the ability of p17 to misfold may result in the generation of toxic assemblies in the brain and may be relevant for HAND pathogenesis. A multidisciplinary integrated approach has been applied to determine the ability of p17 to form soluble amyloidogenic assemblies in vitro. To provide new information into the potential pathogenic role of soluble p17 species in HAND, their toxicological capability was evaluated in vivo. In C. elegans, capable of recognising toxic assemblies of amyloidogenic proteins, p17 induces a specific toxic effect which can be counteracted by tetracyclines, drugs able to hinder the formation of large oligomers and consequently amyloid fibrils. The intrahippocampal injection of p17 in mice reduces their cognitive function and induces behavioral deficiencies. These findings offer a new way of thinking about the possible cause of neurodegeneration in HIV-1-seropositive patients, which engages the ability of p17 to form soluble toxic assemblies

Prospects of creation of alcohol-free drinks on light water

The article analyzes the prospects of creating non-alcoholic tonic drinks on light water. The aim of the work is to study the properties of water with a low content of deuterium for the production of beverages. A block diagram of the production of soft drinks using as a basic component of light water, watermelon juice concentrate as a sweetener, the use of natural preservative juglona, from the pericarp walnut. The theoretical prerequisites for a large-scale transition to the production of tonic drinks based on extracts from domestic herbs and light water are formulated. For the first time the formula composition of drinks with adaptogenic properties differing in antioxidant properties is developed. The range of adaptogenic drinks, which include light water and non-traditional spicy and aromatic raw materials, was systematized, which was the justification for the proposal to use antioxidants as identifiers of the authenticity of a new group of drinks. First proposed version of the graphical visualization of the target system for the formation of flavouring spicy-aromatic characteristics of several formulations of drinks, the algorithm of modeling of the prescription of drinks with light water with a savory and spicy taste. The performed studies have practical significance and have been tested in the production conditions of the Branch № 1 of the Moscow beer and non-alcoholic plant "Ochakovo". The original formulations of tonic drinks with adaptogenic properties are designed, the permissible terms of their storage are determined. The necessary documentation for the production of beverages based on light water and aromatic raw materials has been developed. Developed draft technical specifications for the drinks: "Drink for Rugby players", "players Drink", "Drink Chess". The conclusion is made about the expediency of pilot testing of the developed technology of beverage production

Feeding habits of athletes with high physical activity

The article describes the features of construction of specialized foods for sportsmen, members of Amateur and professional teams to play Rugby. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that so far not established a unified recommendations on diets and nutrition regimes of the Rugby players. We are committed to the solution of the time-consuming assessment of individual needs athletes Rugby players in nutrients. For the Rugby player is especially important qualitative composition of protein intake. Sports doctors and coaches recommend rational diet of the Rugby players with the prevalence of essential amino acids involved in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. The highest loads on the body of a Rugby player due to the fact that in the training sessions of Rugby players includes power elements used in elite military units and police units in order to develop collective interactions in hard conditions. They include elements of weightlifting, intense agility and martial arts and martial arts. The special task of organizing the diet of Rugby players is the use of high carbohydrate diets to prevent chronic lack of energy during training and during competitions. The diet should be an optimal content of products from cereal crops, with relatively little protein and fat. You need to replenish energy stores by eating balanced chemical with the rod, avoiding long breaks and including protein and carbohydrate foods. For quality control using modern gas and spectrophotometric devices Institute of Food and Processing Industry of the Kuban State University of Technology. Key findings include the development of the diets of athletes in team rugby Kuban State University and some of the specialized vegetable and meat products, "rugby" and "Sport"

Features of the diet of athletes playing sports

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of hygienic approaches to nutrition of students involved in game sports. The article analyzes the practical skills and methods of organizing the culture of nutrition of athletes of high-intensity sports. Some approaches to the rationality of the diet, taking into account modern scientific trends in the biochemical state of the organism, have been determined. Features of the diet of participants of game sports are associated with the definition of the needs of the body of athletes in energy, food and biologically active components. The issues of the use of food additives and specialized food ingredients in the practice of sports nutrition are considered. Recommendations on the development of biochemical orientation of dietary regimes were prepared depending on the level of energy expenditure of athletes, indicators of basic metabolism and body weight regulation. Such recommendations will be useful to participants of team sports and to all who are interested in the peculiarities of improving the diets of athletes. Compliance with a specially designed diet for players of game sports is especially important due to the extremely high physical activity during the competition. At the same time, before the game you can not completely abandon the usual diet and dramatically change the range of consumed foods. It is necessary to turn to a benign and simple diet that takes into account the tastes of each athlete, but with the condition that traditional products will be enriched with natural highly concentrated dietary supplements. Team sports players should pay particular attention to adaptogens, substances that are not doping-related, but have a general tonic effect on the athlete's body