EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES ON ROOT OF CARMONA RETUSA (VAHL) MASAM

Objective: The evaluation of antimicrobial activity was carried to study the effect of root extract of Carmona retusa (Vahl.) Masam. Methods: The antimicrobial studies were carried out by using the cup plate method and the MIC was also determined. The microbial typed cultures namely Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans were used. Results: The root extracts of both chloroform and alcohol showed promising activity against Bacillus subtilis (26 mm), Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans (24 mm), Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (18 mm). Conclusion: The study revealed that the antimicrobial activity of alcohol extract is comparatively higher than the chloroform extract

Bulk queueing system with starting failure and single vacation

To analyze an M^([X])/G(a,b)/1 queue with starting failure, repair and single vacation. This type of queueing model has a wide range of applications in production/manufacturing systems. Important performance measures and stability conditions are obtained. Further, we discuss some particular cases. Finally, numerical results of the proposed model have been derived

Combining ability and heterosis analysis for drought tolerant traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is the most important staple food for more than half of the world’s population and also for most of the countries. A Line x Tester analysis was undertaken to study the nature of gene action for yield and drought tolerant traits. The ratio of SCA and GCA was less than unity for all the characters which revealed that the preponderance of non- additive gene action governing the traits concerned. The lines viz., ADT 43, ADT (R) 49, CO (R) 50 and the testers viz., PMK (R) 3, Chandikar and Anna (R) 4 were adjudged as the best general combiners for drought tolerant traits. The cross combinations viz., ADT 39 x Vellaichitraikar had exhibited significant values for dry root weight (9.66), root/shoot ratio (0.31), root length (3.82), number of roots per plant (37.08), root thickness (0.11), root volume (4.27) and root length density (0.03) ADT (R) 49 x Chandikar for 70 percent relative water content (8.85), dry root weight (18.03), dry shoot weight (40.55), root length (3.10), number of roots per plant (140.16) root thickness (0.38) and root volume (23.14) were found to be specific combiners for most of the drought tolerant traits. The cross combinations, viz., ADT 43 x Anna (R) 4, ADT (R) 49 x Chandikar and ADT 43 x PMK (R) 3 had highly significant standard heterosis. Breeding for drought tolerance in rice would be of immense value to the farmers economic health, family well-being and harmony in the society

Design, Synthesis and Characterization of N-Phenylpyrazoline and 3,4- Dihydropyrimidine from Chalcone Derivatives and study their Biological Activities.

Medicinal Chemistry is a Science Which includes all branches of Chemistry and biology. The discipline of Medicinal chemistry is devoted to the discovery and development of new agents for treating diseases. Most of this activity is directed to new natural or synthetic organic compounds. Inorganic compounds continue to be important in therapy. The molecules were designed by the software tools and the lead molecules of chalcone were synthesized by “ CLAISEN-SCHMIDT REACTION” followed by phenyl hydrazine and urea treatment forms N-phenylpyrazoline and 3,4-dihydropyrimidine respectively. The formation of molecules was confirmed by TLC. The structure of synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1HNMR, MASS Spectroscopy. The IR data’s showed relavant peaks for C=C, C=N, C=O groups. The 1HNMR also showed relavant proton peaks for all synthesized compounds. The MASS spectrum confirm the molecular ion peak of all synthesized compounds. The In-vitro anti-oxidant property for all the compounds showed positive results. The compounds K1, K3 & K6, K8 showed more potent activity. These four compounds shows Nphenylpyrazoline and 3,4-dihydropyrimidine with P-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde, Pchlorobenzaldehyde substitution at fifth and sixth position respectively. Hence the compounds may be evaluated for Anti-tuberculosis activity. The In-vitro anti-diabetic activity of all the compounds was evaluated and compared with standard. The compounds such as K1, K2 & K6, K7 showed more potent activity. Hence N-phenylpyrazoline and 3,4-dihydropyrimidine with P-Chloro baenzaldehyde, Trimethoxy benzaldehyde substitution at fifth and sixth position respectively showed better activity. The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all the compounds was evaluated and compared with standard. All the compounds showed significant activity. The compounds such as K1, K3 & K6, K8 exhibited more potent activity. Based on In-vitro antioxidant activity the compounds K1, K3, K6, K8 were selected and evaluated for Anti-tuberculosis activity. The compounds K3 exhibit potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hence N-phenylpyrazoline with phenyl substitution at third position and P-dimehtyl amino benzaldehyde substitution at fifth position showed better activity. In Future, the compounds K1, K2, K6, K7 can be studied for In-vivo anti-diabetic activity as it exhibited significant In-vivo anti-diabetic activity

Culture that matters

As a class teacher in the middle school [Grades V, VI & VII] I have heard children rebuke one another during the class sessions, in the common school areas where they sit and chat while waiting for their bus, while they go pass staff rooms. Initially I thought children coming of age have this awkwardness in expressing themselves and so tease each other gently as a way and means to start and strike a conversation with their peers. But as a teacher I was always ‘ears’to what language they are using to address each other, are they being very aggressive in their remarks and so on. At the same time equally I was on guard as to not to interfere too much at every single comment or mock as I felt that this is an important part of their growing up process and they need to go through it and stand up to it in their own way

Indigenous Tools Used in Sugarcane Farming Systems in South India

Indigenous tools have been in vogue from time immemorial. Indian agriculture has a rich repertoire of indigenous tools designed for different types of crops, each unique in design and functional qualities to aid the farmers in crop cultivation

Analysis of Priority Queueing System with Working Breakdown,Vacation and Vacation Interruption under Random Environment

study priority queueing system consisting of working breakdown, repair, single vacation and vacation interruption. At a breakdown instant during the busy period, without stop the servie, the server provides service at slower rate for the current customer. After completion of priority service, depending on the environment, the server can choose type I or type II vacation. Both types of vacation are considered as a single vacation. On completion of type I vacation if the server finds thepriority queue is empty, he has the option to take type II vacation. During the type II vacation, when priority customers arrive the server has the option to interrupt the vacation. We use the established norm which is the corresponding steady state results for time dependent probability generating functions are obtained. Along with that, the expected waiting time for theexpected number of customers for both high and low priority queues are computed. Numerical results along with the graphical representations are shown elaborately

AN M[X]/G/1M^{[X]}/G/1 QUEUE WITH OPTIONAL SERVICE AND WORKING BREAKDOWN

In this study, a batch arrival single service queue with two stages of service (second stage is optional) and working breakdown is investigated. When the system is in operation, it may breakdown at any time. During breakdown period, instead of terminating the service totally, it continues at a slower rate. We find the time-dependent probability generating functions in terms of their Laplace transforms and derive explicitly the corresponding steady state results. Furthermore, numerous measures indicating system performances, such as the average queue size and the average queue waiting time, has been obtained. Some of the numerical results and graphical representations were also presented

Study of antidiarrheal activity of Hydrocotyle javanica in mice

The effect of the methanolic leaf extract of Hydrocotyle javanica (family Hydrocharitaceae) was investigated in mice to evaluate its antidiarrheal activity on magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility. Hydrocotyle javanica, at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, was tested for its effect on fecal output in magnesium sulfate induced diarrhea in albino mice and the results (percentage of animals showing diarrhea) were compared with those of diphenoxylate hydrochloride, a standard allopathic antidiarrheal drug. Hydrocotyle javanica (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) inhibited the magnesium sulfate induced diarrhea and also reduced gastrointestinal motility in mice. The results indicate that the leaf extract significantly reduced diarrhea in mice with a reduction in weight of stools. Keywords: Hydrocotyle javanica, antidiarrheal, magnesium sulphate, diphenoxylate hydrochloride, gastrointestinal motility, methanolic leaf extract The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8(2) 2005: 31-3

An Overview of Personalized Recommendation System to Improve Web Navigation

We present a new personalized recommendation system, which means the searches of each user is done according to their interest which is based on ranking or preference method. It also maintains the logs which records the sessions of each user and brings out the exact data required by the user. This is done by fetching the data that is already stored in the database. Web server logs maintains history of page results and consists of a log file which automatically creates and maintains the list of activities performed by the users. For extracting the data according to the user’s previous searches, we are using Stemming Algorithm. The Stemming Algorithm is a process where the exact, meaningful words are extracted from the URL. Because of this process the user’s search time will be reduced. It also improves the quality of web navigation and overcomes the limitation of existing system. In the proposed system we extract user’s behaviour from web server logs in the actual process whereas, in the anticipated system, the user’s behaviour is done with the help of cognitive user model and we perform the comparison between the two usage processes. The data produced from this comparison can help the users to discover usability issues and take actions to improve usability. In the anticipated usage the cognitive user model is done that can be used to simulate or predict human behaviour or by performance and task. Finally, the system is executed by using the top-k ranking algorithm. The advantage of this system are accuracy and better processing speed. The user’s convenience deals with the ease of navigation which helps the users to interact with their interface