Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Dental Students in Tehran regarding Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS

Objectives Healthcare workers including dentists and dental students are at risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Thus, it is imperative to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the infection control protocols. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 164 dental students of Shahid Beheshti University using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic, knowledge (n=15), attitude (n=27) and performance (n=8) questions regarding hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS. Data were collected and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. Results The mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS was 18.66 (out of 30), 31.59 (out of 54) and 6.29 (out of 8), respectively. The students had low knowledge level about the routes of transmission, the standard infection control protocols, and infection treatment. They also had poor attitude towards treating the infected patients. There was no significant difference in knowledge, attitude and practice between different academic grades of dental students or males and females. Conclusion The findings did not show satisfactory level of knowledge or attitude of Shahid Beheshti dental students regarding hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS infections. Thus, more educational programs emphasizing on blood-borne infections are recommended

The effect of deep-slow and regular breathing on pain intensity of burn dressing

Aims: Burn pain is one of the severest and most consistent types of pain. Patients who suffer from burn usually experience the highest level of pain at the time of dressing change. The aim of the present study is “determining the effect of deep-slow and regular breathing on pain intensity of dressing in patients with burns”. Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial in two intervention and control groups which investigate the pain in 68 patients referring to the burn ward of Kashani hospital of Shahrekord in the period of March 2011 to August 2011 through random and convenient sampling, these patients were in one of intervention or control group. Data were collected with visual analogue scale and analyzed by using SPSS, descriptive statistic test, independent t-test and chi-square. Results: At first the mean of dressing pain intensity score before and after intervention in intervention group was 5.82, 3.66 and in control group was 5.3, 4.8 respectively. There was significant difference between the pain intensity after dressing in intervention and control groups (p=0.04). Conclusions: Using deep-slow and regular breathing can be an important factor in reducing pain intensity during burn dressing

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

The Study of the Relationship between Cultural Globalization Process and Religious Identity in Iran; (Case study: Lur Ethnic Groups of Noorabad e Mamasani City and Arabs of Kangan City and Environs)

One of the Iran’s religious society’s concerns is preservation and promotion of religious identity. In the past few decades, globalization has affected various aspects of Iranian’s individual and social life. This study analyzes the effects of cultural globalization on the religious identity of two ethnic groups: Lurs residing in Noor-Abad Mamasani and Arabs living in the Kangan and environs. First of all, we reviewed the literature of this topic and then chose a theoretical framework based on the Giddens' ideas. The sample of research is 770 residents of 15 to 64 ages, living in the two above- mentioned towns that were selected by multistage random sampling. Using exploratory factor analysis technique, 10 life styles in Shiraz were found and named according to variable nature. The findings show a significant difference between Lurs and Arab ethnic group’s religious identity. Also results of the multivariate regression technique show that Religious Lifestyle, Scientific–Educational style, Reflection, Sports style, Awareness of Globalization, Cultural Participation style, and Mobile Style respectively explain 36.3% of the changes of religious identity

Veneer crowns in anterior endodontically‐treated teeth: A case report with 1‐year follow‐up

Key Clinical Message Veneer crowns can be used in anterior endodontically‐treated teeth with light occlusal force and enamel substrate consideration as a more conservative approach instead of conventional all ceramic crowns. Abstract All‐ceramic anterior crowns and veneers have been used widely in dentistry with high clinical success rate. The development of new reinforced ceramics in recent years has led to more use of extended defect‐oriented preparation designs, that is, extended veneers, instead of full crown preparations which are less invasive. A veneer crown is simply a veneer that covers the entire tooth. The preparation preserves remaining enamel and uses a conservative preparation design. Its indication should be carefully raised taking into consideration various factors. The preparation design is crucial to ensure longevity of such restoration. The balance is between sufficient preparation for the material thickness and adequate strength against occlusal load and the enamel preservation. A 24‐year‐old man referred to the restorative department of the Dentistry School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences complaining from his poor esthetics in the maxillary incisors. In clinical and radiographic evaluation, he had open bite, composite discoloration due to corrosion of the pre‐fabricated posts in all four incisors, a periapical lesion in tooth 21 and under‐filled root canal therapy in tooth 22. All four posts and composite restorations were removed and teeth 21 and 22 were retreated. Although the amount of remaining tooth tissue was low, it had enough enamel thickness, especially in the buccal area. Taking into consideration this mixed enamel and dentin substrate, endodontics access, esthetics needs and canine guidance occlusion with no parafunction history, bonded lithium disilicate veneer crowns were selected to restore the maxillary incisors. A 12‐month follow‐up showed promising clinical (healthy gingival tissue and successful restorations) and radiographic (reduced periapical lesion) outcomes

Topical application of Mitomycin C in the treatment of granulation tissue after Canal Wall Down mastoidectomy

Introduction: Otorrhea and granulation tissue in Canal Wall Down mastoidectomy (CWD) is the common problem in cholesteatoma removal and leads to many discomfort for both the patient and the physician. The main objective in CWD is creating the dry cavity, so the topical antibiotic and acetic acid in variable saturations are used for this purpose. In this study we evaluate the effectiveness of topical MMC and chemical cautery by acetic acid.   Materials and Methods: Study population consists of 50 patients with cholesteatoma whom underwent CWD. All patient allocated randomly in two study groups, MMC and acetic acid. After 3 weeks, the first visit is planned, extension of granulation tissue and dryness of cavity are evaluated and topical drugs are used in blind fashion. MMC in 4% and acetic acid in 12.5% saturation are applied. Other visits are completed at next month and 3 months later.   Results: Both methods are effective in treatment of granulation tissue. In each group both treatment were effective too but MMC was more effective than acid acetic in the treatment of granulation tissue after 4 weeks.   Conclusion: Based on our findings, it is clear that topical MMC is very effective in the treatment of granulation tissue and in CWD. It results in dry cavity much better than acetic acid without any complication.

Microbial contamination of single-and multiple-dose vials after opening in a pulmonary teaching hospital

OBJECTIVES: Intravenous therapy is a complex procedure usually requiring the preparation of the medication in the clinical area before administration to the patient. Breaches in aseptic technique may result in microbial contaminations of vials which is a potential cause of different avoidable infections. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of microbial contamination of single- and multiple-dose vials in the largest pulmonary teaching hospital in Iran. METHODS: In a period of 2 months, opened single- and multiple-dose vials from different wards were sampled by a pharmacist. The name of the medication, ward, labeling of the vials, the date of opening, and storing temperature were recorded for each vial. Remained contents of each vial were cultured using appropriate bacterial and fungal growth media. RESULTS: Microbial contamination was identified in 11 of 205 (5.36%) of vials. The highest contamination rate was 14.28% for vials used in interventional bronchoscopy unit. The most frequent contaminated medication was insulin. Gram-positive bacteria (81.82%) were more significantly involved than gram-negative ones (9.09%) and fungi (9.09%), with the highest frequency for Staphylococcus epidermidis . CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that repeated use of vials especially if basic sterility measures are disobeyed can cause microbial contamination of administered products to the patients. Infection preventionists are responsible to train health care workers regarding aseptic techniques and apply guidelines for aseptic handling of intravenous solutions