Answer the question: What is Enlightenment?

English translation of Kant's Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung? (Königsberg in Prussia, 30 September 1784)

What Does it Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?

Translation from German to English by Daniel Fidel Ferrer What Does it Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking? German title: "Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren?" Published: October 1786, Königsberg in Prussia, Germany. By Immanuel Kant (Born in 1724 and died in 1804) Translation into English by Daniel Fidel Ferrer (March, 17, 2014). The day of Holi in India in 2014. From 1774 to about 1800, there were three intense philosophical and theological controversies underway in Germany, namely: Fragments Controversy, the Pantheism Controversy, and the Atheism Controversy. Kant’s essay translated here is Kant’s respond to the Pantheism Controversy. During this period (1770-1800), there was the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Urge (stress)) movement with thinkers like Johann Hamann, Johann Herder, Friedrich Schiller, and Johann Goethe; who were against the cultural movement of the Enlightenment (Aufklärung). Kant was on the side of Enlightenment (see his Answer the Question: What is Enlightenment? 1784). What Does it Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking? / By Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). [Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren? English]

Independence and property in Kant's Rechtslehre

I argue that the freedom which is to coexist with the freedom of choice of others in accordance with a universal law mentioned in Kant's Rechtslehre is not itself freedom of choice. Rather, it is the independence which is a condition of being able to exercise genuine free choice by not having to act in accordance with the choices of others. Kant's distinction between active and passive citizenship appears, however, to undermine this idea of independence, because the possession of a certain type of property right on the part of some citizens makes it possible for them to dominate others. Kant's account of property in this way turns out to be central to the question as to whether his Rechtslehre represents an internally consistent account of how freedom can be guaranteed within a legal and political community. I go on to argue that Kant's attempt to justify a pre-political right of property cannot be viewed as a successful justification of private property, and that he should have abandoned the notion of such a right together with any presumption in favour of private property

Trabajo preparatorio para "De un tono de distinción adoptado recientemente en filosofía"

Sin resume

Carta a Johann Schultz del 25 de noviembre de 1788

Carta a Johann Schultz del 25 de noviembre de 178

Sobre el uso de principios teleológicos en la filosofía

Sobre el uso de principios teleológicos en la filosofí

"Schlechthin nothwendiges wesen": en marge de la quatrieme antinomie

Le défi des antinomies joue un rôle décisif dans l'élaboration même de la pensée kantienne ; cela devient particulièrement significatif par rapport à l'Être absolument nécessaire, qui devrait dépasser le niveau des phénomènes même lorsque, comme l'on dit dans la thèse de la quatrième antinomie, l'on l'entend comme quelque chose du monde. Dans la structure même des antinomies nous sommes forcés à aller au-delà de l'expérience, à un Être qui dépasse radicalement le monde ; en ce sens, même à l'intérieur de la pensée kantienne, l'analogie classique reste la structure spécifique de la métaphysique, surtout par la possibilité de dire la transcendance sans la réduire jamais au niveau des phénomènes