Impacts of convective treatment on tropical rainfall variability in realistic and idealized simulations

The prediction of precipitation in the tropics is a challenge for numerical weather prediction (NWP), meaning very low practical predictability there. However, previous studies indicated that intrinsic predictability in the tropics is up to a few weeks and thus longer than in the extratropics. Equatorial waves (EWs) from the linear shallow-water theory are considered the source of this long predictability. Most weather and climate models still struggle to accurately capture EWs, which is often attributed to parameterized convection. With advanced computing power, model development is moving toward high-resolution models with explicit convection. To evaluate the value of these high-resolution models, this thesis aims to provide important insights into the behavior of tropical precipitation due to the treatment of deep and shallow convection using the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model. First, we examine the sensitivity of EWs to model configuration using realistic ICON simulations with varying horizontal grid spacings (80-2.5 km) and with different convectivetreatments between parameterized versus explicit deep and shallow convection. To robustly identify wave signals, we use two objective methods, one filtering rainfall using a fast Fourier transform and the other projecting two-dimensional wind and geopotential onto theoretical wave patterns. The results demonstrate that large-scale EWs are surprisingly consistent in terms of phase speed and wave amplitude with little sensitivity to model resolution, convective treatment and wave identification method. Rainfall signals of westward inertio-gravity waves (WIGs), however, show a large difference between parameterized and explicit convection with the latter showing marked rainfall signals but with no corresponding wind patterns. A composite analysis to link rainfall and wind fields of waves reveals that the identified signals in rainfall appear to be associated with mesoscale convective systems, the spatiotemporal scales of which overlap with those of WIGs, and thus are isolated as waves through space-time filtering. Secondly, we analyze idealized ICON simulations in a tropical aquachannel configuration with zonally symmetric sea surface temperatures and with rigid walls at 30°N/S. The aquachannel simulations vary in the representation of deep and shallow convection but with the same horizontal grid spacing of 13 km. All aquachannel simulations have maximum rainfall at the equator, showing an intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) there, but the rainfall amount increases by 35% with explicit deep convection. To physically understand this difference, we adapt a diagnostic based on a conceptual model by Emanuel (2019), assuming boundary-layer quasi-equilibrium (BLQE), the weak temperature gradient approximation, and mass and energy conservation. BLQE implies that moist entropy is in balance between surface enthalpy fluxes, which import high moist entropy to the BL, and convective downdrafts, which transport low moist entropy from the free troposphere into the BL. The results reveal that the rainfall differences are primarily associated with surface enthalpy fluxes through BLQE, while precipitation efficiency is surprisingly constant in the ITCZ. Further detailed analysis demonstrates that mean surface wind speed, which is closely related to the large-scale circulation, contributes most to the differences in surface enthalpy fluxes. Thus, the treatment of deep convection alters mean rainfall through tight links between surface winds, associated surface fluxes and convective mass flux. Lastly, variability associated with EWs is examined in the aquachannel simulations by using the same wave identification methods used for the realistic simulations. All simulations show prominent signals of Kelvin waves (KWs) with large variations among them. Parameterized deep convection produces various eastward propagation with speeds of 5–27 m/s, while explicit deep convection exhibits a dominance of KWs with a zonal wavenumber of one and with a propagation speed of 24 m/s. Furthermore, explicit deep convection causes more pronounced structures of zonal wind and temperature in the lower stratosphere and a stronger link of wind-induced surface enthalpy flux exchange to the development of convection. Meanwhile, the treatment of shallow convection plays a role for temperature variation below 2.5 km. However, BL warming is in phase with maximum rainfall associated with KWs, which is opposite to observations. Parameterized deep convection generates a feature sharing similarities with the Madden Julian Oscillation, which is not found in the other aquachannel simulations. The novelty of this thesis lies in understanding the behavior of tropical rainfall in both realistic and idealized simulations by using diagnostics adapted for systematic comparisons between different simulations, mainly due to different convective treatments. This allows us to obtain valuable insights into the sensitivity of tropical rainfall and its variability to model configuration, ultimately paving the way for developing more accurate weather and climate predictions in the tropics

Convective self-aggregation in a mean flow

Convective self-aggregation is an atmospheric phenomenon seen in numerical simulations in a radiative convective equilibrium framework thought to be informative of some aspects of the behavior of real-world convection in the deep tropics. We impose a background mean wind flow on convection-permitting simulations through the surface flux calculation in an effort to understand how the asymmetry imposed by a mean wind influences the propagation of aggregated structures in convection. The simulations show that, with imposing mean flow, the organized convective system propagates in the direction of the flow but slows down compared to what pure advection would suggest, and it eventually becomes stationary relative to the surface after 15 simulation days. The termination of the propagation arises from momentum flux, which acts as a drag on the near-surface horizontal wind. In contrast, the thermodynamic response through the wind-induced surface heat exchange feedback is a relatively small effect, which slightly retards the propagation of the convection relative to the mean wind

From Buddhist Story to Heroic Epic: A Comparative Study of the Epic of Geser and the Mulian Story

This paper compares narrative modifi cation in the Mongolian heroic epic The Epic of Geser with that of the Buddhist Mulian story. The Mulian story, in which the protagonist saves his mother from the underworld gained widespread popularity in its time. Mulian Bianwen from the Tang dynasty, presents the scenes from the story in a very dramatic manner. The Mongolian Geser epic uses this motif but adapts the story to fi t the characteristics of a heroic epic for nomadic people. Heroic epics must contain motifs that depict the image of their protagonist to present a collection of exemplary characters. To create a complete heroic epic, the story of Geser absorbed a religious story from another culture that was very popular at the time. In the present study, five scenes common to The Epic of Geser and the Mulian story are analysed to investigate how the original Buddhist story became a part of the heroic epic. This analysis considers the ways in which identical story motifs can be used for the diff erent purposes according to the nature of the literary work

Body Information Analysis based Personal Exercise Management System

Recently, people's interest in health is deepening. So health-related systems are being developed. Existing exercise management systems provided users with exercise related information using PC or smart phone. However, there is a problem that the accuracy of the algorithm for analyzing the user's body information and providing information is low.In this paper, we analyze users' body mass index (BMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) and we propose a system that provides the user with necessary information through recommendation algorithm. It informs the user of exercise intensity and momentum, and graphs the exercise history of the user. It also allows the user to refer to the fitness history of other users in the same BMI group. This allows the user to receive more personalized services than the existing exercise management system, thereby enabling efficient exercise

Understanding the dependence of mean precipitation on convective treatment and horizontal resolution in tropical aquachannel experiments

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a key circulation and precipitation feature in the tropics. There has been a large spread in the representation of the ITCZ in global weather and climate models for a long time, the reasons for which remain unclear. This paper presents a novel approach with which we disentangle different physical processes responsible for the changeable behavior of the ITCZ in numerical models. The diagnostic tool is based on a conceptual framework developed by Emanuel (2019) and allows for physically consistent estimates of convective mass flux and precipitation efficiency for simulations with explicit and parameterized convection. We apply our diagnostic tool to a set of tropical aquachannel experiments using the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model with horizontal grid spacings of 13 and 5 km and with various representations of deep and shallow convection. The channel length corresponds to the Earth\u27s circumference and has rigid walls at 30∘ N/S. Zonally symmetric sea surface temperatures are prescribed. All experiments simulate an ITCZ at the Equator coinciding with the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation and descending branches at 15∘ N/S with subtropical jets and easterly trade wind belts straddling the ITCZ. With explicit deep convection, however, rainfall in the ITCZ increases and the Hadley circulation becomes stronger. Increasing horizontal resolution substantially reduces the rainfall maximum in the ITCZ, while the strength of the Hadley circulation changes only marginally. Our diagnostic framework reveals that boundary-layer quasi-equilibrium (BLQE) is a key to physically understanding those differences. At 13 km, enhanced surface enthalpy fluxes with explicit deep convection are balanced by increased convective downdrafts. As precipitation efficiency is hardly affected, convective updrafts and rainfall increase. The surface enthalpy fluxes are mainly controlled by mean surface winds, closely linked to the Hadley circulation. These links also help understand rainfall differences between different resolutions. At 5 km, the wind–surface-fluxes–convection relation holds, but additionally explicit convection dries the mid-troposphere, which increases the import of air with lower moist static energy into the boundary layer, thereby enhancing surface fluxes. Overall, the different model configurations create little variations in precipitation efficiency and radiative cooling, the effects of which are compensated for by changes in dry stability. The results highlight the utility of our diagnostic tool to pinpoint processes important for rainfall differences between models, suggesting applicability for climate model intercomparison projects

Changes in the Outdoor Wear Market: Focused on the South Korean Market

People have become interested in wellness and health, which has led to well-being trends and increased participation in activities. Therefore, the outdoor wear market has shown growth for several years. However, the outdoor wear market of South Korea is becoming saturated. Moreover, Outdoor wear consumers are tired of same design products. The sportswear companies are trying to develop athleisure products. Therefore, it is time to develop outdoor products for emotional approach. According to results, when consumers purchase outdoor wear, they consider the functionality of the materials more than they do when purchasing ordinary clothes. Outdoor wear consumers\u27 pursued images were classified into three types: urban, minimalist, and active. Outdoor wear selection criteria were classified into two types: instrumental function and expressive function. Outdoor wear brands need to qualify their products functionally and meet their segmented consumers\u27 demands by developing products depending on their image from the planning stage

Finding the magnetopause location using soft X-ray observations and a statistical inverse method

Variability in the location and shape of the dayside magnetopause is attributed to magnetic reconnection, a fundamental process that enables the transfer of mass, energy, and momentum from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. The spatial and temporal properties of the magnetopause, under varying solar and magnetospheric conditions, remain largely unknown because empirical studies using in-situ observations are challenging to interpret. Global wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging is the only means to simultaneously observe the spatial distribution of the plasma properties over the vast dayside magnetospheric region and, subsequently, quantify the energy transport from the interplanetary medium into the terrestrial magnetosphere. Two upcoming missions, ESA/CAS SMILE and NASA’s LEXI will provide wide-field imagery of the dayside magnetosheath in soft X-rays, an emission generated by charge exchange interactions between high charge-state heavy ions of solar wind origin and exospheric neutral atoms. High-cadence two-dimensional observations of the magnetosheath will allow the estimation of dynamic properties of its inner boundary, the magnetopause, and enable studies of its response to changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field orientation. This work introduces a statistically-based estimation approach based on inverse theory to estimate the spatial distribution of magnetosheath soft X-ray emissivities and, with this, identify the location of the magnetopause over the Sun−Earth line. To do so, we simulate the magnetosheath structure using the MHD-based OpenGGCM model and generate synthetic soft X-ray images using LEXI’s orbit and attitude information. Our results show that 3-D estimations using the described statistically-based technique are robust against Poisson-distributed shot noise inherent to soft X-ray images. Also, our proposed methodology shows that the accuracy of both three-dimensional (3-D) estimation and the magnetopause standoff distance calculation highly depends on the observational point

Mshpy23: a user-friendly, parameterized model of magnetosheath conditions

Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI) and Solar wind−Magnetosphere−Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) will observe magnetosheath and its boundary motion in soft X-rays for understanding magnetopause reconnection modes under various solar wind conditions after their respective launches in 2024 and 2025. Magnetosheath conditions, namely, plasma density, velocity, and temperature, are key parameters for predicting and analyzing soft X-ray images from the LEXI and SMILE missions. We developed a user-friendly model of magnetosheath that parameterizes number density, velocity, temperature, and magnetic field by utilizing the global Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model as well as the pre-existing gas-dynamic and analytic models. Using this parameterized magnetosheath model, scientists can easily reconstruct expected soft X-ray images and utilize them for analysis of observed images of LEXI and SMILE without simulating the complicated global magnetosphere models. First, we created an MHD-based magnetosheath model by running a total of 14 OpenGGCM global MHD simulations under 7 solar wind densities (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm\begin{document}$^{-3}$\end{document}) and 2 interplanetary magnetic field \begin{document}$B_z$\end{document} components (± 4 nT), and then parameterizing the results in new magnetosheath conditions. We compared the magnetosheath model result with THEMIS statistical data and it showed good agreement with a weighted Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.77, especially for plasma density and plasma velocity. Second, we compiled a suite of magnetosheath models incorporating previous magnetosheath models (gas-dynamic, analytic), and did two case studies to test the performance. The MHD-based model was comparable to or better than the previous models while providing self-consistency among the magnetosheath parameters. Third, we constructed a tool to calculate a soft X-ray image from any given vantage point, which can support the planning and data analysis of the aforementioned LEXI and SMILE missions. A release of the code has been uploaded to a Github repository