Influence of inhibition of citric acid and lemon juice to the growth of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate urinary crystals

183-192<span style="font-size: 15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystal is a well-known urinary crystal. Calcium phosphate is present in urinary calculi (stones) as either apatite or brushite. Crystals or calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate were grown by single diffusion gel growth technique in silica <span style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">gels. <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">The supernatant solution containing combinations or constituents, like only calcium chloride, calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">citric acid; calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">lemon juice; calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">lemon juice + artificial reference urine (ARU) and calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ lemon juice <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">natural urine, were used to study the growth and inhibition or CHPD crystals. The growth velocity measurements indicated maximum inhibition in case or calcium chloride <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ lemon juice <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">natural urine containing solution. SEM (scanning electron microscope) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy were used to study the crystals. The result s are discussed in terms or citrate inhibition and inhibition due <span style="font-size: 14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">to natural urine. </span

Some critical aspects of FT-IR, TGA, powder XRD, EDAX and SEM studies of calcium oxalate urinary calculi

237-243Urinary calculi constitute one of the oldest afflictions of humans as well as animals, which are occurring globally. The calculi vary in shape, size and composition, which influence their clinical course. They are usually of the mixed-type with varying percentages of the ingredients. In medical management of urinary calculi, either the nature of calculi is to be known or the exact composition of calculi is required. In the present study, two selected calculi were recovered after surgery from two different patients for detailed examination and investigated by using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) techniques. The study demonstrated that the nature of urinary calculi and presence of major phase in mixed calculi could be identified by FT-IR, TGA and powder XRD, however, the exact content of various elements could be found by EDAX only