Influence of inhibition of citric acid and lemon juice to the growth of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate urinary crystals

Abstract

183-192<span style="font-size: 15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystal is a well-known urinary crystal. Calcium phosphate is present in urinary calculi (stones) as either apatite or brushite. Crystals or calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate were grown by single diffusion gel growth technique in silica <span style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">gels. <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">The supernatant solution containing combinations or constituents, like only calcium chloride, calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">citric acid; calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">lemon juice; calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">lemon juice + artificial reference urine (ARU) and calcium chloride <span style="font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ lemon juice <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">natural urine, were used to study the growth and inhibition or CHPD crystals. The growth velocity measurements indicated maximum inhibition in case or calcium chloride <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">+ lemon juice <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">+ <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">natural urine containing solution. SEM (scanning electron microscope) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy were used to study the crystals. The result s are discussed in terms or citrate inhibition and inhibition due <span style="font-size: 14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">to natural urine. </span