The Y-Band at 1.035 um: Photometric Calibration and the Dwarf Stellar/Sub-Stellar Color Sequence

We define and characterize a photometric bandpass (called "Y") that is centered at 1.035 um, in between the traditionally classified ``optical'' and ``infrared'' spectral regimes. We present Y magnitudes and Y-H and Y-K colors for a sample consisting mostly of photometric and spectral standards, spanning the spectral type range sdO to T5V. Deep molecular absorption features in the near-infrared spectra of extremely cool objects are such that the Y-H and Y-K colors grow rapidly with advancing spectral type especially from late M through mid L, substantially more rapidly than J-H or H-K which span a smaller total dynamic range. Consistent with other near-infrared colors, however, Y-H and Y-K colors turn blueward in the L6-L8 temperature range with later T-type objects having colors similar to those of warmer M and L stars. Use of the Y-band filter is nonetheless promising for easy identification of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, especially at young ages. The slope of the interstellar reddening vector within this filter is A_Y = 0.38 x A_V. Reddening moves stars nearly along the YHK dwarf color sequence making it more difficult to distinguish unambiguously very low mass candidate brown dwarf objects from higher mass stars seen, e.g. through the galactic plane or towards star-forming regions. Other diagrams involving the Y-band may be somewhat more discriminating.Comment: accepted at PAS

Synthetic asters as elastic and radial skeletons

The radial geometry with rays radiated from a common core occurs ubiquitously in nature for its symmetry and functions. Herein, we report a class of synthetic asters with well-defined core-ray geometry that can function as elastic and radial skeletons to harbor nano- and microparticles. We fabricate the asters in a single, facile, and high-yield step that can be readily scaled up; specifically, amphiphilic gemini molecules self-assemble in water into asters with an amorphous core and divergently growing, twisted crystalline ribbons. The asters can spontaneously position microparticles in the cores, along the radial ribbons, or by the outer rims depending on particle sizes and surface chemistry. Their mechanical properties are determined on single- and multiple-aster levels. We further maneuver the synthetic asters as building blocks to form higher-order structures in virtue of aster-aster adhesion induced by ribbon intertwining. We envision the astral structures to act as rudimentary spatial organizers in nanoscience for coordinated multicomponent systems, possibly leading to emergent, synergistic functions

New empiricisms in the Anthropocene: Thinking with speculative fiction about science and social inquiry

Interest in new empiricisms and transdisciplinary methods has led many social inquirers to engage with 20th-century post-classical physical science. Many of these projects have focused on alternative matter–mind mixtures and in/organic variation, concerned that past theories of sociality have dismissed the vibrancy and animacy of the nonhuman material world. This paper explores the power of speculative fiction to help us rethink empiricism in posthuman ecologies of the Anthropocene, in the midst of post-truth conditions and growing science denialism. We foreground speculative fiction as a way to open up scientific imaginaries, rethinking the relationship between nature, technics, and human “sense” making. We show how such texts offer alternative images of research methods for studying pluralist ecologies and new forms of worldly belonging

Vacuum-Ultraviolet Photoionization and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lignin Monomers Coniferyl and Sinapyl Alcohols

The fragmentation mechanisms of monolignols under various energetic processes are studied with jet-cooled thermal desorption molecular beam (TDMB) mass spectrometry (MS), 25 keV Bi3+ secondary ion MS (SIMS), synchrotron vacuum-ultraviolet secondary neutral MS (VUV-SNMS) and theoretical methods. Experimental and calculated appearance energies of fragments observed in TDMB MS indicate that the coniferyl alcohol photoionization mass spectra contain the molecular parent and several dissociative photoionization products. Similar results obtained for sinapyl alcohol are also discussed briefly. Ionization energies of 7.60 eV ? 0.05 eV for coniferyl alcohol and<7.4 eV for both sinapyl and dihydrosinapyl alcohols are determined. The positive ion SIMS spectrum of coniferyl alcohol shares few characteristic peaks (m/z = 137 and 151) with the TDMB mass spectra, shows extensive fragmentation, and does not exhibit clear molecular parent signals. VUV-SNMS spectra, on the other hand, are dominated by the parent ion and main fragments also present in the TDMB spectra. Molecular fragmentation in VUV-SNMS spectra can be reduced by increasing the extraction delay time. Some features resembling the SIMS spectra are also observed in the desorbed neutral products. The monolignol VUV-SNMS peaks shared with the TDMB mass spectra suggest that dissociative photoionization of ion-sputtered neutral molecules predominate in the VUV-SNMS mass spectra, despite the extra internal energy imparted in the initial ion impact. The potential applications of these results to imaging mass spectrometry of bio-molecules are discussed

CCM Vickers Key Comparison - State of the art and perspectives

In the framework of the Working Group on Hardness (WGH) of the Consultative Committee for Mechanical Measurements (CCM) in the year 2003 the key comparison Vickers was finished. In the comparison the hardness laboratories of 10 national metrology institutes participated: IMGC (Italy), NIST (USA), INMETRO (Brazil), NIM (P.R. China), KRISS (Republic of Korea), NMIJ (Japan), CMI (Czech Republic), GUM (Poland), NPL (U.K.), and PTB (Germany) served as the pilot laboratory. The comparison of the Vickers primary hardness standard machines was carried out with three sets of hardness reference blocks of the Vickers scales HV0,2, HV1 and HV 30 each with the hardness levels 240 HV, 540 HV and 840 HV. The Vickers key comparison for all used test forces ranges (Micro Vickers, Small Force Vickers, Macro Vickers) delivered valuable metrological data, and its main results are presented. The ways to determine the reference values are discussed. The uncertainties of the reference values can be considered as the present accuracy limits of Vickers measurements in the investigated ranges of hardness scales