Daytime precipitation estimation using bispectral cloud classification system

Two previously developed Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) algorithms that incorporate cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) and multispectral analysis (PERSIANN-MSA) are integrated and employed to analyze the role of cloud albedo from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) visible (0.65 μm) channel in supplementing infrared (10.7 mm) data. The integrated technique derives finescale (0.04° × 0.04° latitudelongitude every 30 min) rain rate for each grid box through four major steps: 1) segmenting clouds into a number of cloud patches using infrared or albedo images; 2) classification of cloud patches into a number of cloud types using radiative, geometrical, and textural features for each individual cloud patch; 3) classification of each cloud type into a number of subclasses and assigning rain rates to each subclass using a multidimensional histogram matching method; and 4) associating satellite gridbox information to the appropriate corresponding cloud type and subclass to estimate rain rate in grid scale. The technique was applied over a study region that includes the U.S. landmass east of 115°W. One reference infrared-only and three different bis-pectral (visible and infrared) rain estimation scenarios were compared to investigate the technique's ability to address two major drawbacks of infrared-only methods: 1) underestimating warm rainfall and 2) the inability to screen out no-rain thin cirrus clouds. Radar estimates were used to evaluate the scenarios at a range of temporal (3 and 6 hourly) and spatial (0.04°, 0.08°, 0.12°, and 0.24° latitude-longitude) scales. Overall, the results using daytime data during June-August 2006 indicate that significant gain over infrared-only technique is obtained once albedo is used for cloud segmentation followed by bispectral cloud classification and rainfall estimation. At 3-h, 0.04° resolution, the observed improvement using bispectral information was about 66% for equitable threat score and 26% for the correlation coefficient. At coarser 0.24° resolution, the gains were 34% and 32% for the two performance measures, respectively. © 2010 American Meteorological Society

Engineering learning of sustainable product lifecycle through CDIO

Sustainable development is an optional CDIO (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) standard in the engineering curriculum, however, due to the impact of climate change on society and the environment, sustainability is now seen as a crucial aspect of learning. Engineering has contributed to climate change through non-sustainable solutions, so it is important to implement a sustainable CDIO standard in the engineering curriculum. In the UK, the Engineering Council already requires engineering-accredited courses to embed sustainability into the engineering curriculum, learning, practice and assessment following the UNESCO sustainability goals. This means that the engineering curriculum is required to provide learning opportunities for students to engineer sustainable solutions that are fit for all of society. This paper illustrates how the optional CDIO standard: sustainable development has been implemented in a second-year capstone project module The module challenges students to research and develop a low-carbon footprint product for World Rugby The module placed learning emphasis on a diamond TQM+ paradigm (Time, Quality, Management, Sustainability, Health & Safety) and challenged students to consider environmental impact and circular economy solutions. The paper reports on student learning, challenges, and successes in satisfying this diamond TQM+ paradigm to engineer sustainable rugby equipment (products, clothing, footwear, PPE) solutions and opportunities for further student learning development

Tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap Pelaksanaan Pidana Kurungan bagi Anak Nakal di Rutan Anak Blitar

Among the criminal problem that are faced by society today is children crimes and violations, which legally referred to as "child crime". Consequently, they must be held accountable through a judicial process that can lead to imprisonment. In Indonesia, one of the places for child incarceration is in the Children's Correction Center (LPA) of Blitar. The study aims to determine the implementation of imprisonment policy for children in LPA Blitar and the Islamic criminal law's perspective. The results of this study concluded that the criminal justice process for children criminals in LPA Blitar prevails under the current law. As for the efforts of the Blitar LPA in its implementation of the policy is to provide guidance and education in a best and fair manner tailored with the evolution of children's psychology. In Islamic law, there is no prohibition about children's punishment as long as the child has passed the age of baligh, but must prioritize the education and mental development of the child. It is in line with sharia law and relevant law in Indonesi

Evaluating the utility of multispectral information in delineating the areal extent of precipitation

Data from geosynchronous Earth-orbiting (GEO) satellites equipped with visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) scanners are commonly used in rain retrieval algorithms. These algorithms benefit from the high spatial and temporal resolution of GEO observations, either in stand-alone mode or in combination with higher-quality but less frequent microwave observations from low Earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites. In this paper, a neural network-based framework is presented to evaluate the utility of multispectral information in improving rain/no-rain (R/NR) detection. The algorithm uses the powerful classification features of the self-organizing feature map (SOFM), along with probability matching techniques to map single- or multispectral input space into R/NR maps. The framework was tested and validated using the 31 possible combinations of the five Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12 (GOES-12) channels. An algorithm training and validation study was conducted over the conterminous United States during June-August 2006. The results indicate that during daytime, the visible channel (0.65 μm) can yield significant improvements in R/NR detection capabilities, especially when combined with any of the other four GOES-12 channels. Similarly, for nighttime detection the combination of two IR channels - particularly channels 3 (6.5 μm) and 4 (10.7 μm)-resulted in significant performance gain over any single IR channel. In both cases, however, using more than two channels resulted only in marginal improvements over two-channel combinations. Detailed examination of event-based images indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of extracting information useful to screen no-rain pixels associated with cold, thin clouds and identifying rain areas under warm but rainy clouds. Both cases have been problematic areas for IR-only algorithms. © 2009 American Meteorological Society

Pengaruh Pelapukan Batulempung Formasi Subang terhadap beberapa Sifat Keteknikannya Guna Menunjang Efektivitas Pemilihan Desain Perkuatan Lereng

Dalam makalah ini dibahas karakteristik pelapukan batulempung Formasi Subang dalam kaitannya dengan sistem klasifikasi derajat pelapukan batuan dan perubahan nilai beberapa sifat keteknikannya. Lokasi pengamatan lapangan dan pengambilan contoh batuan dilaksanakan di daerah Karawang Selatan, Jawa Barat, karena kehadiran jenis batuan ini menempati wilayah yang cukup luas. Secara umum batulempung Formasi Subang dapat dibedakan atas enam zona yang mencerminkan perbedaan derajat pelapukannya. Hasil pengujian beberapa sifat keteknikan yang merupakan parameter dasar dalam analisis kestabilan lereng, seperti berat isi, kohesi, dan sudut geser dalam, memperlihatkan adanya hubungan yang berarti terhadap perubahan derajat pelapukannya. Maka, dengan mengetahui variasi derajat pelapukan batulempung Formasi Subang diharapkan perencanaan atau pemilihan desain (jenis) perkuatan lereng dapat dilakukan secara lebih tepat dan eifisien.Influence of Weathering in Claystone of Subang Formation on Some Engineering Properties to Effectively Support in Choosing of Slope- Reinforcement DesignThis paper presents weathering characteristics of claystone of Subang Formation in relation to weathering grade classification system and changes of some engineering properties. The field observation and rock-soil sampling were located at Southern Karawang area, West Java, where the claystone is distributed widely. Generally, claystone of Subang Formation can be classified into six degrees of weathering. The examination results of some engineering properties, such as unit weight, cohesion, and internal friction angle as basic parameters of slope stability analysis, indicate good relationship with the change of weathering grade. As an implication, by knowing various weathering grades, the planning or choosing of slope-reinforcement-design will be more effective and efficient.

Reorientasi Daya Tawar Peran Perempuan Dalam Ruang Publik Pada Ranah Organisasi Sosial Islam

Observing the relationship between men and women, actually recognized the existence of two relationships that are connotative be distinguished, that, sexual relations and gender relations. Sexual relationship is the relationship between men and women based on the demands and biological categories. Whereas gender relations is a concept and a different social reality, in which the sexual division of labor between men and women is not based on an understanding of normative and biological categories, but on the quality, skills, and roles based on social conventions. Thus, the concepts and manifestations of gender relations more dynamic and has the flexibility to consider psycho-social variables were developed. Based on this understanding, it could be someone who is biologically classified as a woman, but from the point of gender may play a role as a man or vice versa. Therefore, we need to reorient the roles of women, especially their involvement in the organization of the Islamic community, which often marginalized

Pemahaman Islam Dan Sentuhan Budaya Lokal

Tulisan ini menyajikan kajian keislaman yang sering dijadikan model pergulatan pemikiran yang sedang berkembang di dunia Islam. Dalam kajian tersebut didapati bahwa pemahaman Islam beranika ragam. Tampilan rumusan Islam tersebut dihampiri dengan berbagai macam pendekatan, diantaranya tekstual-kontekstual dan struktural-fungsional. Dari tampilan tersebut menggambarkan bahwa pada realitasnya, Islam bersentuhan dengan ajaran (tradisi) lokal sehingga terbentuk formulasi baru tentang Islam yaitu budaya Islam lokal