Biased Estimation of Adjusted Odds Ratios From Incomplete Covariate Data Due to Violation of the Missing at Random Assumption

We investigate the possible bias due to an erroneous missing at random assumption if adjusted odds ratios are estimated from incomplete covariate data using the maximum likelihood principle. A relation between complete case estimates and maximum likelihood estimates allows us to identify situations where the bias vanishes. Numerical computations demonstrate that the bias is most serious if the degree of the violation of the missing at random assumption depends on the value of the outcome variable or of the observed covariate. Implications for the analysis of prospective and retrospective studies are given

KONSTRUKSI PEMBERITAAN GERAKAN AHMADIYAH DI MEDIA INTERNET (Studi Analisis Framing tentang Pemberitaan Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Republika Online dan Tempointeraktif.com Periode Februari-Maret 2011)

ILLI APRILIYADI, L100070128, KONSTRUKSI PEMBERITAAN GERAKAN AHMADIYAH DI MEDIA INTERNET (Studi Analisis Framing Tentang Pemberitaan Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Republika Online dan Tempointeraktif.com Periode Februari-Maret 2011. Skripsi Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi. Fakultas Komunikasi Dan Informatika. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 2012. Keanekaragaman suku, agama dan budaya di Indonesia merupakan sebuah fenomena yang menarik. Di negeri yang kaya akan pulau ini berkembang berbagai agama. Salah satunya adalah agama Islam yang menjadi agama mayoritas penduduk Indonesia. Keberadaan gerakan Ahmadiyah yang merupakan salah satu aliran Islam yang dianggap menyimpang mendapat perhatian dari berbagai kalangan termasuk media. Keberadaan Ahmadiyah banyak diberitakan di sejumlah media termasuk media internet Republika Online dan Tempointeraktif.com. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Republika Online dan Tempointeraktif.com dalam memaknai, menyikapi dan membingkai berita tentang Ahmadiyah serta untuk mengetahui bagaimana posisi kedua media tersebut dalam mengkonstruksi pemberitaan tentang Ahmadiyah. Ruang lingkup dari penelitian ini adalah berita tentang Ahmadiyah pada situs www.republika.co.id dan www.tempo.co periode Februari-Maret 2011. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan analisis framing. Model framing yang digunakan adalah model framing Robert Entman. Oleh Entman, framing digunakan untuk menggambarkan proses seleksi dan menonjolkan aspek tertentu dari realitas oleh media. Dengan menggunakan konsepsi Entman bisa dilihat berita yang dikonstruksi secara lebih rinci dengan menggunakan empat perangkat framing, define problems (pendefinisian masalah), diagnose causes (memperkirakan masalah), make moral judgement/evaluation (memperkirakan masalah), treatment recommendation (menekankan penyelesaian). Hasil analisis framing dengan menggunakan konsep Robert Entman tentang pemberitaan Ahmadiyah di Republika Online dan Tempointeraktif.com berbeda. Bagi Republika Online, konstruksi tentang Ahmadiyah dibingkai sebagai aliran yang menyimpang karena keluar dari ajaran Islam. Ahmadiyah dianggap sebagai sebuah ajaran agama Islam yang dapat meresahkan masyarakat. Sedangkan Tempointeraktif.com, konstruksi pemberitaan tentang Ahmadiyah dibingkai sebagai sebuah aliran yang memiliki hak untuk berkeyakinan dan aksi penyerangan yang menewaskan warga Ahmadiyah merupakan suatu pelanggaran HAM

Study and interpretation of Rachmaninoff prelude in G minor OP.23 N0. 5 / Illi Diyana Mohd Isa

The title of my research topic: The INTERPRETATION OF RACHMANINOFF focuses more on the analysis and interpretation of piano playing. This research focuses on one piece from Rachmaninoff entitled Prelude in G minor op 23 No.5. Interpretation is more concerned about the sound than just the news. Thus, the aim in performance is to produce the kind of sound dial the musical context demands. A pianist should develop a sensitivity inside it is ears and fingers, so that he or she can gauge the possibilities of touch and tone in their varying qualities

Polymorphisms in the bradykinin B2 receptor gene and childhood asthma

Bradykinin has been suggested as one of the key mediators of bronchial asthma. Polymorphisms with a potential functional relevance have been described in the B2 bradykinin receptor gene. Study of these polymorphisms in 77 children with asthma and 73 controls revealed no association. However, when comparing the asthmatics according to their age at onset (before and after age 4), the exon 1 allele BE1-2G was significantly associated with late-onset asthma (p <0.05). Since BE1-2G has previously been shown to lead to a higher transcription rate of the B2 receptor, this result warrants further investigation of the role of bradykinin in conferring susceptibility to pediatric asthma

Kyrkokörens liturgiska funktion. En teoretisk modell

With about one hundred thousand singers, the choirs of the Church of Sweden represent a significant part of the activity of the denomination. The choir-tradition is strong and a cherished element of worship. Through the 20th century, important questions have been raised regarding the function of the choir in protestant worship. While these questions remain relatively unanswered the intent of this essay is to paint a picture of what the function of the choir could be, regarding its liturgical theological and practical context. This is done by first applying the theological ideas of primarily Yngve Brillioth and Ninna Edgardh to explain what the mass in the Church of Sweden might be aiming to express in different parts of the liturgy. Secondly, the theological and practical implications of the place of worship (in this thesis a church-building) are considered. I then go on to presenting common functions of the choir observed by James F. White, addressing their probable pros and cons. These three variables are then studied in a roster, producing a theoretical model of how the choir could function within worship, adhering the theological themes and dynamics of the liturgy as well as the physical limitations of the room. This study reveals two discussions central to an understanding regarding the function of the church-choir. Firstly, the liturgical function of the choir relies heavily on when and where the choir appears. Within the liturgy is a movement trough a number of themes and liturgical centers. The choir only functions if in harmony with this movement. Secondly, the liturgical function of the choir is tightly connected to its self-understanding. Weather the singers of the choir understands themselves as participants of the congregation, a producer of entertainment or a liturgical actor will decide not only the function of the choir, but inflict on the overall understanding of worship

Strategi Komunikasi Penganut Agama Baha’i dalam Membangun Citra Positif di Masyarakat

Negative images are often experienced by co culture groups in the community, as experienced by Baha’i religious followers. Therefore they need a communication strategy in building a positive image in the community. This study aims to determine the communication strategies of Baha'i followers in the village of Cebolek Kidul, Margoyoso sub-district, Pati regency in building a positive image in the community. This study examines the components of communication strategies in terms of message planning, communication approaches, and media selection. This research uses the co-culture theory by Mark Orbe. The interpretative phenomenological analysis used in this study as analytical techniques of the data. The Result of this study show that Baha’i followers uses an Accommodation strategy to build a positive image in the community. This strategy ranges on the Non-Assertive Accommodation and the Assertive Accommodation. In the aspect of planning the message, the Baha'i Pati held a meeting with members of the local spiritual assembly before the message is delivered to the community. The communication approach is carried out by way of friendship with residents and local government officials, using verbal and non-verbal language by showing smiles and polite language. Finally in the aspect of media selection, Baha'is in the village of Cebolek use brochures and film screenings on Baha'is, this is done so that the public understands and knows about the teachings of the Baha’i faiths

Utilização de rejeito de carvão mineral modificado com HTDMA-Br como sólido sorvente no tratamento de águas contaminadas com nitrato

Entre as principais fontes de contaminação de águas superficiais e subterrâneas encontra-se o lançamento de despejos industriais e de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento e o uso de fertilizantes agrícolas. Nestas matrizes, o íon nitrato aparece como um dos poluentes que mais influencia na degradação das águas. O nitrato é extremamente estável e solúvel em meio aquoso, o que dificulta a remoção do mesmo de águas e efluentes. Uma alternativa de baixo custo e eficiente para remover este poluente consiste no processo de sorção. Além disso, ressalta-se que diversos sólidos podem ser utilizados como sorvente na remoção de poluentes. Sendo assim, os resíduos sólidos, produzidos por diferentes tipologias industriais, como por exemplo, as carboníferas, que precisam ser gerenciados de forma adequada poderiam ser uma alternativa de sólido sorvente. Durante o beneficiamento do minério, estima-se que cerca de 60 % da massa inicial adicionada ao processo seja descartada como rejeito, sendo esse, fonte de importantes impactos ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propõe verificar a possibilidade de tratamento de águas contaminadas com o íon nitrato através do processo de sorção utilizando rejeito do beneficiamento do carvão como sólido sorvente. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios preliminares com sólido natural e com o mesmo sólido modificado quimicamente. Constatou-se que a superfície do rejeito tratada com solução de HDTMA-Br 60 mM torna o processo mais eficiente. Assim, o sólido modificado foi utilizado para a realização de ensaios de sorção visando obter as melhores condições experimentais. A influência dos seguintes parâmetros foi estudada: o pH (de 2 a 10), o tempo de contato da solução de nitrato com o sólido sorvente (de 0 a 90 minutos) e a concentração de sorvente (de 0 a 2 g/100mL da solução). Ainda, isotermas de equilíbrio foram construídas utilizando as melhores condições operacionais encontradas em três temperaturas diferentes (25, 35 e 45ºC). Os dados experimentais foram ajustados aos modelos de Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips e Redlich Peterson. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as condições que apresentaram os maiores percentuais de remoção do íon estudado foram: pH 6, 60 minutos de tempo de contato e 1 g/100 mL de sorvente. Já quando comparados os dados com os modelos das isotermas, o modelo que melhor descreve o processo foi Sips, com R2 superior a 0,99 em todas as temperaturas avaliadas. Os dados obtidos indicam que rejeito proveniente do beneficiamento de carvão é satisfatório na remoção do íon nitrato, alcançando remoção superior a 90 %. Já no efluente real estudado, houve remoção acima de 90 % do íon nitrato. Comparando os resultados com os limites estabelecidos pela Portaria 2914 de 2011 do Ministério da Saúde, que dispõe sobre os padrões de qualidade da água, o parâmetro nitrato, após tratamento de sorção proposto no presente trabalho ficou abaixo do valor máximo (10 mg L-1) que consta na Portaria. A pesquisa realizada mostra que é possível tratar águas contaminadas com nitrato utilizando um resíduo industrial proveniente de carboníferas, contribuindo para redução do impacto ambiental em diferentes dimensões.Among the main sources of water contamination are the release of untreated industrial waste and domestic effluents and the use of agricultural fertilizers. In contaminated water, the ion nitrate appears as one of the effluents with the higher influence on water degradation. Nitrate is extremely stable and soluble in water, which hampers its removal from water and effluents. Is a low-cost and efficient alternative to remove this pollutant is the sorption process, which has been studied for the removal of several compounds. In addition, it is emphasized that various solids can be used as sorbent in the removal of pollutants. Therefore, solid wastes, produced by different industrial typologies, such as carboniferous, that need to be adequately managed could be a solid sorbent alternative. During the ore’s beneficiation, it is estimated that about 60% of the initial mass added to the process is discarded as a residue, which is source of important impacts on the environment. In this context, this work proposes to verify the possibility to treat nitrate-contaminated waters through the sorption process using the residue of coal beneficiation as solid sorbent. Preliminary tests were performed with the natural and chemically-modified solid. It was determined that the residue surface treated with the solution HDTMA-Br 60 mM increases the efficiency of the process. Thus, the modified solid was used for the performance of sorption tests aiming to obtain the best experimental conditions for sorption. The influence of the following parameters was studied: pH (from 2 to 10), contact time of the nitrate solution with the solid sorbent (from 0 to 90 minutes) and sorbent concentration (from 0 to 2 g.100mL-1 of the solution). Furthermore, equilibrium isotherms were built using the best operational conditions found in three different temperatures (25, 35 and 45°C). Experimental data were adjusted to the models of Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips and Redlich Peterson. Obtained results showed that the highest percentages of ion removal were achieved by: pH 6, contact time of 60 minutes and 1g.100mL-1 of sorbent. When comparing the data with isotherm models, Sips was the model that best describes the process, with an R² higher than 0.99 in all evaluated temperatures. The data obtained indicate that the residue from coal beneficiation is satisfactory in the removal of nitrate, reaching a removal rate of more than 90 %. In the real effluent studied, there was removal of more than 90 % of the nitrate ion. Comparing the obtained results with the Ordinance 2914 from 2011 of the Brazilian Health Ministry, , which determines the water quality standards, the nitrate parameter, after sorption treatment proposed in the present study, was below the maximum value (10 mg L -1 ) Contained in the Ordinance. The research shows that it is possible to treat water contaminated with nitrate using an industrial waste from carboniferous, contributing to reduce the environmental impact in different dimensions