Reassessing frontline medical practitioners of the British civil wars in the context of the seventeenth-century medical world

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via the DOI in this recordMedical provision in Civil War armies has generally suffered a poor reputation. Medical matters have been excluded from assessments of how far Civil War armies confirm evidence of the so-called ‘Military Revolution’, whilst Harold Cook argued that it was not until after the Glorious Revolution that the medical infrastructure of the armed forces was brought in line with continental practices, particularly those of the Dutch army. Despite the recent rehabilitation of early modern practitioners elsewhere, frontline military practitioners continue to be dismissed as uneducated, unskilful and incompetent. This is largely due to the lack of a fresh perspective since C. H. Firth published Cromwell's Army in 1902. This article argues that the English were well aware of current medical practice in European armies and endeavoured to implement similar procedures during the Civil Wars. Indeed, almost all the developments identified by Cook for the later seventeenth century can be found in Civil War armies. Whilst failures may have occurred, most of these can be attributed to administrative and financial miscarriages, rather than ignorance of contemporary medical developments. Moreover, there is little to suggest that medics mobilized for Civil War armies were any less capable than those who practised civilian medicine in this period.This article draws on research undertaken whilst a postdoctoral research associate on the Wellcome Trust-funded project ‘The Medical World of Early Modern England, Wales and Ireland, c. 1500–1715’ at the University of Exeter (grant reference number 097782/Z/11/Z)

Pengujian Slim-tube untuk Memperkirakan Minimum Miscible Pressure pada Studi CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

Implementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) usingcarbon dioxide (CO2) to increase oil recovery has been widely implemented in the world, but in Indonesia, especially in Pertamina is still in the feasibility study stage. One of the parameters is very important in supporting the successful implementation of CO2 EOR is the thermodynamic properties in the form of minimum miscible pressure (MMP). Considering Indonesia is a tropical country and the oil reservoir is relatively deep, so that the temperature of the reservoir is relatively high which would provide great value of MMP and will have an impact on the oil recovery factor ability.MMP testing is very important to be done in the laboratory using the slim-tube. On the condition of CO2 MMP initially is being mixed with short to medium-chain hydrocarbons in the reservoir, then further with heavier hydrocarbons. Mixing CO2 into oil will lead to occurrence of oil volume swelling and decrease its viscosity. The phenomenonof swelling volume of oil in the reservoir may lead to increased capillary pressure so that the oil is easier to flow. While the decline in oil viscosity increases mobility of oil or in other words will lower the water-oil mobility ratio. Decreased mobility ratio ofthe water-oil may increase oil reserves that can be produced. Based on the slim-tube experiments in the laboratory using a sample of oil field "X" Pertamina at a temperature of 260oF, the MMP is estimated about 3000 ps

Pengujian Slim-tube untuk Memperkirakan Minimum Miscible Pressure pada Studi CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

Implementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) usingcarbon dioxide (CO2) to increase oil recovery has been widely implemented in the world, but in Indonesia, especially in Pertamina is still in the feasibility study stage. One of the parameters is very important in supporting the successful implementation of CO2 EOR is the thermodynamic properties in the form of minimum miscible pressure (MMP). Considering Indonesia is a tropical country and the oil reservoir is relatively deep, so that the temperature of the reservoir is relatively high which would provide great value of MMP and will have an impact on the oil recovery factor ability.MMP testing is very important to be done in the laboratory using the slim-tube. On the condition of CO2 MMP initially is being mixed with short to medium-chain hydrocarbons in the reservoir, then further with heavier hydrocarbons. Mixing CO2 into oil will lead to occurrence of oil volume swelling and decrease its viscosity. The phenomenonof swelling volume of oil in the reservoir may lead to increased capillary pressure so that the oil is easier to flow. While the decline in oil viscosity increases mobility of oil or in other words will lower the water-oil mobility ratio. Decreased mobility ratio ofthe water-oil may increase oil reserves that can be produced. Based on the slim-tube experiments in the laboratory using a sample of oil field "X" Pertamina at a temperature of 260oF, the MMP is estimated about 3000 ps

Fat-tailed sheep in Indonesia; an essential resource for smallholders

This paper discusses the historical development of fat-tailed sheep in Indonesia, the dynamics of production systems, production and reproduction performances under farmers’ conditions, and roles of sheep in livelihoods. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, fat-tailed sheep from southwest Asia and Africander sheep from South Africa were introduced. Crossing of fat-tailed sheep with the local thin-tailed sheep produced the Javanese fat-tailed sheep. Main motives for the gradual change-over to fat-tailed sheep have been their potential larger body size and the preference of consumers for their meat. Management systems are changing in response to the intensification of land use. The reproductive performances of fat-tailed sheep are good. Households keep four to six animals, housed close to the family quarters. This results in very high levels of faecal bacteria contamination of drinking water sources. Sheep provide a small income, manure, security and help to accumulate capital. Sheep also play a key role in religious festivities. Farmers hardly profit from the increased demand for the feast of sacrifice; animals are sold mainly when the owners have urgent cash needs. Systematic sheep fattening can contribute to higher economic results, if sufficient family labour and crop residues are available

Biogasoline Production from Methyl EsterBiogasoline Production from Methyl Ester with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst

According to the achievement of automotive technology recently, the consumption of fuel oil such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, significantly increase. This phenomenon motivates a study for investigating alternative fuels instead of petroleum oil-based energy. One of these alternative fuels is biogasoline as results of cracking methyl ester as renewable energy sources. In this study biogasoline produced by cracking of methyl ester. The cracking was performed using sulfuric acid catalyst (H2SO4). Reactant on various ratio (by volume) with the catalyst of 150:1, 125:1, 100:1, 75:1, 50:1, and without catalyst, injected into plug flow reactor (PFR) by spraying it. Initial condition of the feed was the liquid phase at the pressure of 1 atm and the temperature of 30 oC. The reactant was conducted using high-pressure pump, therefor passed into a nozzle inside of the reactor, so that the mist conditions was achieved. The reactant in the mist form flowed into the reactor with operating temperature in the reactor varied between 300 oC to 700 oC at atmospheric pressure, causing the cracking process. The products was passed through water coolant then stored in liquid phase. Furthermore, the analysis carried out included ASTM distillation, density, and gas chromatography (GC). Based on data of experimental results it can be concluded that biogasoline can be produced from methyl ester with relatively good condition at the reaction temperature of 400 oC and methyl ester-catalyst ratio of 150:1. The biogasoline product has density 0.855 g/ml and the yield ranges from 10% to 15%. The further effort is to increase the yield of biogasoline product. Key words: renewable energy sources, methyl ester, cracking, biogasoline

Thinking big, going global: the challenge of BRAC’s global expansion

Since 2002, BRAC, a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of Bangladeshi origin, has gone global. It has expanded its programme of ‘microfinance plus’ (education, health, enterprise support, etc) to Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Southern Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Pakistan. It has established organisations in the UK and the USA to raise funds and its international profile. It is believed to be the largest NGO in Afghanistan, is growing fast elsewhere, and has long been the largest non-governmental entity in Bangladesh. BRAC’s global expansion appears to be part of a trend of the ‘South in the South’, marked by the expansion of Chinese business in Africa, but also, it seems, by new forms of Southern non-governmental organisation transplanted across Southern contexts. This paper explores two challenges of BRAC’s global expansion. The first is the challenges BRAC faces as it seeks to break new ground as the first International NGO of Southern origin to take its programme and managerial expertise to other countries. It is an ambitious agenda. A critical challenge is the need to attract financing and carve out regulatory room for service delivery programmes within new political spaces that are sometimes unfamiliar with and unwelcoming of NGOs on the BRAC scale. The second challenge of the title is the challenge to thinking about NGOs in development: discussions about NGOs in development currently emphasise disappointment with their performance, and a withdrawal, including among aid donors and discourses, from their ‘magic bullet’ heyday of the late 1990s. While BRAC’s global expansion is facing challenges, its ambitious expansionary programme counters disappointment around NGOs, raising new questions about the roles of NGOs in development