Practical way of creating differential diagnoses through an expanded VITAMINSABCDEK mnemonic

Having an organized, structured thinking process is critical in medicine. It is through this thinking process that enables one to go through the method of history-taking, which will eventually lead to making a definitive diagnosis and all other processes that follow. The use of mnemonic has been found to be useful for this purpose. The mnemonic VITAMINSABCDEK, is a convenient and practical way to assist in expanding the differential diagnoses and covers all possible causes of an illness. It is also easy to remember, as the vitamins whose letters are represented in this mnemonic cover the entire range of vitamins known

Mapping of children with malnutrition in kelantan utilizing open geographic information system (gis) and remote sensing platform

The Mapping of Children with Malnutrition in Kelantan Utilizing Open Source Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing Platform" study was started at 31 October until 30 September 2010 and extends till 31 December 2010. This study was one of the university research {RU) grant headed by Prof. Zabidi Azhar Husin @ Mohd Hussin. The main objective of this study was to identify malnourish children (severe) from 1 day to 6 years old from 12 clinics in Kota Bharu via mapping the location of children with USM Growth Monitor and Geoinformation System {GIS).In this study, data collection was done through the "USM Growth Monitor" online system produced in this study. Through this system, raw data from all the clinic were entered by the nurses involve at the clinic and is able to retrieve direct to research centre at USM. Data regarding Geoinformation System such as soil structure, water source and so on were getting from Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM). Kota Bharu district was chosen as a study area for this research from 10 districts in Kelantan after successful research at Tum pat {2007). At the beginning of the study, Anthropometric data such as date of birth, birth weight, birth length and also weaning information of the children aged between 1 day to 6 years old were assemble from every health clinic (Kiinik Kesihatan in Kota Bharu District. Birth weight and length data according to children age were converting to nutritional status using Epilnfo programme (Epi Info'" Version 3.4). The total of 4616 data were collected consist of 2285 {49.5%) boys and 2331{50.5%) girls. Outcome from nutritional status analysis shown that 3.4% of the children were Overweight, 15.3% were undernourished [10.3% were moderate undernourished {-2SD) and 4.5% were severe undernourished {-3SD)]. From this preliminary result, Remote sensing techniques were using to identify the home location of the children and correlation with GIS information and nutritional status were assessed

Makanlah sayang... resepi sihat & mudah untuk anak-anak

Buku ini diterbitkan dengan tujuan membantu ibu bapa atau penjaga anak-anak, khususnya anak-anak istimewa dalam menyediakan makanan alternatif bagi mempelbagaikan jenis makanan di dalam diet seharian anak-anak mereka. Setiap menu ini mempunyai kandungan tenaga yang tinggi serta memenuhi kriteria makanan lengkap, mengandungi semua kelas makanan dan vitamin serta mineral khusus. Maklumat nutrien untuk setiap makanan telah dilakukan melalui pengiraan mengunakan perisian NutritionistPro. Menu sebegini diperlukan terutama untuk kanak-kanak yang mempunyai kebolehan mengunyah dan menelan yang terhad. Kandungan tenaga, protein, vitamin dan setiap mineral telah dibandingkan mengikut Saranan Pengambilan Nutrient (RNI, 2017). Manakala kandungan kanji (karbohidrat), lemak dan serat telah dibandingkan mengikut saranan Institute of Medicine (2005). Saranan ini sesuai untuk kanak-kanak yang berusia 2 hingga 18 tahun

Genetically Confirmed Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 3 With Epilepsy In A Malay Patient, A Case Report

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disease affecting the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The diagnosis is usually based on the clinical presentation with or without muscle biopsy and the molecular detection of mutation in the SMNI gene. There have been a few reported cases of SMA with central nervous system involvement, but these were without genetic diagnoses. We report a Malay girl with genetically confirmed SMA complicated by epilepsy. She first presented with motor weakness at the age of 17 months and recurrent seizures a month later. The molecular genetic analysis of her SMN gene showed homozygous deletion of exon 7 and 8 of the SMN1 gene. The seizure responded well to carbamazepine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of genetically comfirmed Malay SMA patient with an association with epilepsy

The study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene by restriction enzyme by restriction enzyme digestion in the Kelantan population

The most common diseases producing enzymopathy affecting the human population is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. It is estimated that about 400 million people worldwide are affected and this disease is commonest seen in the tropical and subtropical zones of the Eastern hemisphere. Molecular analysis has confirmed that the basis for G6PD deficiency is widely heterogeneous. Different mutants are responsible for the G6PD deficiency in the various parts of the world where this abnormality is prevalent. This study involved a sequential analysis whereby the blood from Malay neonates with neonatal jaundice admitted to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and Kota Bharu Hospital were analyzed and polymerase chain reaction based analysis using serial multiplex primer method was done on those DNA samples. Samples that are found to be abnormal were then sequenced. Out of the 45 samples studied, 8 were found to have the Mediterranean mutation, two have the Mahidol mutation, two have Canton mutation and three have Kaiping mutation. Thus the molecular basis for the Malay neonatal jaundice in Kelantan is described with further prospect of population screening

Short term outcome of pshycoeducational program on coping abilities of mother of children with cancer

Objective: To evaluate a psycho-educational program (PeP) for parents ofchildren with cancer (PoCwC) in Malaysia. Methods: Seventy-nine parents were invited to be either in an intervention ( n = 41) or a control group ( n = 38 ). Baseline assessment took place upon agreement of participant. Shortterm effects were measured four weeks the intervention. Control parents received standard care. Intervention parents received in addition to standard care, 4 x 50 min sessions of information on childhood cancer and coping strategies. Result: Repeated measures of ANOVAs revealed increased knowledge about cancer ( p = 0.01 ) in the intervention parents compared with standard care. Intervention parents reported reduced anxiety and increased activities with children after the program; however, differences were not significant. · Conclusions: This PeP, the first of its kind in Malaysia, has significantly increased levels of knowledge among parents of seriously ill children which may point towards the potential for these services to increase coping in Malaysian PoCwC

Development of a questionnaire for the study of malnutrition among children in rural Kelantan, Malaysia

Introduction Historical data have shown the contributing factors underlying malnutrition among children are diverse, multi-sectoral, interrelated. These entail biological, social, cultural, and economic factors. To determine the contributing factors, the development of an accurate and reliable questionnaire is essential. Method Based on a previously described conceptual framework of malnutrition in children, this study was conducted in two phases. During the first phase, an in-depth interview of 20 health workers who provide direct care to malnourished children in the study was conducted using semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the findings, a theoretical framework was generated to assist the development of quantitative questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed and then tested using quantitative approach to establish its reliability and validity. Results Qualitative analysis of the in-depth interview revealed 17 items which were used to build a conceptual framework for questionnaire development. The questionnaire later was administered to 295 children and their parents/caregivers, with 28.76-35.28% of their children showed sign of malnutrition in the form of stunting, wasting, and underweight. Exploratory factor analysis showed two factors: environmental and behavioral. Composite reliability for environmental factor was 0.70, and 0.74 for behavioral factor. The quantitative findings showed that fourteen items were identified. The items generated were further tested and factor loadings showed that they can be loaded into 2 factors. Conclusion The instrument developed appeared to be a potentially valid and reliable tool to determine the contributing factors for malnutrition amongst children in rural and poor communities in Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia

Preclinical evaluation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in animal models of multiple sclerosis

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signalling pathway that regulates cell activation. proliferation, metabolism and apoptosis. Increasing body of data suggests that alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may result in an enhanced susceptibility to autoimmunity. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. In the current study, we have firstly evaluated in silico the involvement of the mTOR network on the generation and progression of MS and on oligodendrocyte function, making use of currently available whole-genome transcriptomic data. Then, the data generated in silico were subjected to an ex-vivo evaluation. To this aim, the involvement of mTOR was validated on a well-known animal model of MS and in vitro on Th17 cells. Our data indicate that there is a significant involvement of the mTOR network in the etiopathogenesis of MS and that Rapamycin treatment may represent a useful therapeutic approach in this clinical setting. On the other hand, our data showed that a significant involvement of the mTOR network could be observed only in the early phases of oligodendrocyte maturation, but not in the maturation process of adult oligodendrocytes and in the process of remyelination following demyelinating injury. Overall, our study suggests that targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway, although it may not be a useful therapeutic approach to promote remyelination in MS patients, it can be exploited to exert immunomodulation, preventing/delaying relapses, and to treat MS patients in order to slow down the progression of disability