Bayesian estimation of population proportion in Kim and Warde mixed randomized response technique

In this study, we have developed the Bayesian estimator of the population proportion of a sensitive characteristic when data are obtained through the Randomized Response Technique (RRT) proposed by Kim and Warde (2005). Superiority of the Bayesian estimators is established for a wide range of the values of the population proportion using simple Beta prior information.  It is observed that Bayesian estimators are better than the usual Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) for small as well as moderate samples. The Proposed estimator is also compared with the Warner (1965), Kim and warde (2005) and Kim et al. (2006) estimators

Logit Estimation Using Warner’s Randomized Response Model

A modified hidden logit estimation procedure is presented based on Warner (1965) randomized response model. Monte Carlo simulations explore the behavior of this estimator and compare its performance with the ordinary logits estimator. Warner’s model is more protective and less jeopardizing

Evaluation and Challenges of IoT Simulators for Intelligent Transportation System Applications

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) constructs a vast, intricate, and perpetually evolving ecosystem exerting profound societal implications. This labyrinthine nature often culminates in errors that directly impact human lives. A significant domain where this complexity materializes is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Present tools and methodologies inadequately accommodate the complex task of testing and validation, underscoring the urgency for comprehensive review and enhancement. This study aims to present a broad analysis of existing simulators utilized for ITS simulations. It delves into the role and effectiveness of such simulation tools, highlighting their limitations and proposing research directions. This paper scrutinizes both commercial and research-oriented IoT simulators for ITS, evaluating their features and simulation environment tools. We have detailed various ITS scenarios simulated within these frameworks, intending to gauge their readiness for real-world ITS applications and to elaborate on the challenges involved in ITS infrastructure implementation. The findings suggest that despite numerous simulators aiding the evolution of solutions for IoT challenges in recent years, their utility in actual ITS implementations remain uncertain. Consequently, we explore public cloud platforms offering IoT simulation capabilities, focusing particularly on the capabilities provided by the Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT simulation for this study. Our research outlines the pressing challenges in this field, while proposing potential solutions and flagging opportunities for further research. This study paves the way towards improving the reliability and accuracy of IoT simulators in the context of ITS, which has immense potential to enhance the quality of human life

A Macroscopic Traffic Model Based on the Safe Velocity at Transitions

The increasing volume of vehicles on the road has had a significant impact on traffic flow. Congestion in urban areas is now a major concern. To mitigate congestion, an accurate model is required which is based on realistic traffic dynamics. A new traffic model is proposed based on the conservation law of vehicles which considers traffic dynamics at transitions. Traffic alignment to forward conditions is affected by the time and distance between vehicles. Thus, the well-known Lighthill, Whitham, and Richards (LWR) model is modified to account for traffic behavior during alignment. A model for inhomogeneous traffic flow during transitions is proposed which can be used to characterize traffic evolution. The performance of the proposed model is compared with the LWR model using the Greenshields and Underwood target velocity distributions. These models are evaluated using the Godunov technique and numerical stability is guaranteed by considering the Courant, Friedrich, and Lewy (CFL) condition. The results obtained show that the proposed model characterizes the flow more realistically, and thus can provide better insight into traffic behavior for use in controlling congestion and pollution levels, and improving public safety. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091710 Full Text: PD

On the finite mixture of exponential, Rayleigh and Burr Type-XII Distributions: Estimation of Parameters in Bayesian framework

In recent years, the finite mixtures of distributions have been proved to be of considerable attention in terms of their practical applications. This paper aims about studying the problem of estimating the parameters of a 3-component mixture of Exponential, Rayleigh and Burr Type-XII distributions using type-I right censoring scheme in Bayesian framework. The elegant closed form expressions for the Bayes estimators and their variances using the non-informative and the informative priors are derived for censored sample as well as for complete sample. The hyperparameters are elicited using prior predictive distribution when no or little prior information is available. The posterior predictive distribution with different priors is derived and the equations necessary to find the lower and upper limits of the Bayesian predictive intervals are constructed. A detailed simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance (in terms of variances) of the Bayes estimators. Finally, the model is illustrated using the real life data. Bayes estimators using the informative prior have been observed performing superior

Estimation of Finite Population Mean in Multivariate Stratified Sampling under Cost Function Using Goal Programming

In practical utilization of stratified random sampling scheme, the investigator meets a problem to select a sample that maximizes the precision of a finite population mean under cost constraint. An allocation of sample size becomes complicated when more than one characteristic is observed from each selected unit in a sample. In many real life situations, a linear cost function of a sample size nh is not a good approximation to actual cost of sample survey when traveling cost between selected units in a stratum is significant. In this paper, sample allocation problem in multivariate stratified random sampling with proposed cost function is formulated in integer nonlinear multiobjective mathematical programming. A solution procedure is proposed using extended lexicographic goal programming approach. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the computational details and to compare the efficiency of proposed compromise allocation

Interplay between Leadership Styles and Effective Communication of Teachers at Higher Level

The major objectives of the study were to assess the effect of leadership styles (Autocratic leadership style, Participative leadership style and Delegate leadership style) on effective communication of the teachers at higher level and to compare leadership styles/effective communication of the teachers at higher level on the basis of experience. The survey based descriptive research style was used for the study. The population of the research was based on 9421 teachers serving in the public sector universities of Islamabad. For the study 66 teachers were taken as sample through convenient sampling. Researcher personally visited to the teachers for data collection through the use of questionnaires. Leadership style questionnaire was developed on the basis of leadership styles presented by Kurt Lewin’s (1939) and was found reliable at 0.75. Questionnaire for effective communication was developed by the researcher and was based on 24 items. It was also found reliable at 0 .90. Data was statistically analyzed by using Reliability, Correlation, Regression and ANOVA test. The results shows that the leadership styles had 31% (**p <0.01)effect on effective communication (Autocratic leadership style = 22% (**p <0.01), Participative leadership style = 39% (**p <0.01)and Delegate leadership style =2%). However there was no statistically significant difference between employees on the basis of experience regarding leadership styles and effective communication. As the participative style was found highly effective for communication so it was recommended that the teachers need to be trained to involve the class in peer work and discussion. Further we need to develop an environment of trust between teachers and students for that there is a need of organizing social activities at university level to provide an informal platform to interact with each other and develop trust

Impact of Road Pavement Condition on Vehicular Free Flow Speed, Vibration and In-Vehicle Noise

Road infrastructure in good condition is a key requirement for efficient transportation systems which leads to economic prosperity and improved quality of life. However, road surface conditions deteriorate over time according to traffic loads and environmental factors. Poor road conditions lead to congestion, accidents, lost productivity, and driver fatigue. This work considers the relationship between road pavement condition and vehicle speed, vibration, and in-vehicle noise. A 7 km section of the Grand Trunk Road, Peshawar, Pakistan divided into 280 segments (140 for each lane), of length 50 m was observed and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) of each segment was determined based on the recurrent distress type and density according to ASTM D6433-011 guidelines. The number of very good, satisfactory, fair, poor, and very poor conditions are 51, 52, 81, 48, and 42, respectively. The mobile app BotlnckDectr was employed to measure vehicle speed, RPM, noise, vibration, GPS location, and time. Statistical analysis was employed to determine the relationship between PCI and vehicle speed, vibration, and in-vehicle noise. The results obtained indicate that noise and vibration increase by 3.3% and more than 30%, respectively, as the pavement condition changes from good to very poor, and vehicle speed decreases by 8.8%

A new generator for proposing flexible lifetime distributions and its properties

In this paper, we develop a generator to propose new continuous lifetime distributions. Thanks to a simple transformation involving one additional parameter, every existing lifetime distribution can be rendered more flexible with our construction. We derive stochastic properties of our models, and explain how to estimate their parameters by means of maximum likelihood for complete and censored data, where we focus, in particular, on Type-II, Type-I and random censoring. A Monte Carlo simulation study reveals that the estimators are consistent. To emphasize the suitability of the proposed generator in practice, the two-parameter Frechet distribution is taken as baseline distribution. Three real life applications are carried out to check the suitability of our new approach, and it is shown that our extension of the Frechet distribution outperforms existing extensions available in the literature