3,061 research outputs found
Photoacoustic Tomography in a Rectangular Reflecting Cavity
Almost all known image reconstruction algorithms for photoacoustic and
thermoacoustic tomography assume that the acoustic waves leave the region of
interest after a finite time. This assumption is reasonable if the reflections
from the detectors and surrounding surfaces can be neglected or filtered out
(for example, by time-gating). However, when the object is surrounded by
acoustically hard detector arrays, and/or by additional acoustic mirrors, the
acoustic waves will undergo multiple reflections. (In the absence of absorption
they would bounce around in such a reverberant cavity forever). This disallows
the use of the existing free-space reconstruction techniques. This paper
proposes a fast iterative reconstruction algorithm for measurements made at the
walls of a rectangular reverberant cavity. We prove the convergence of the
iterations under a certain sufficient condition, and demonstrate the
effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm in numerical simulations.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure
Why the Universe Started from a Low Entropy State
We show that the inclusion of backreaction of massive long wavelengths
imposes dynamical constraints on the allowed phase space of initial conditions
for inflation, which results in a superselection rule for the initial
conditions. Only high energy inflation is stable against collapse due to the
gravitational instability of massive perturbations. We present arguments to the
effect that the initial conditions problem {\it cannot} be meaningfully
addressed by thermostatistics as far as the gravitational degrees of freedom
are concerned. Rather, the choice of the initial conditions for the universe in
the phase space and the emergence of an arrow of time have to be treated as a
dynamic selection.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figs. Final version; agrees with accepted version in
Phys. Rev.
Low-Altitude Reconnection Inflow-Outflow Observations during a 2010 November 3 Solar Eruption
For a solar flare occurring on 2010 November 3, we present observations using
several SDO/AIA extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) passbands of an erupting flux rope
followed by inflows sweeping into a current sheet region. The inflows are soon
followed by outflows appearing to originate from near the termination point of
the inflowing motion - an observation in line with standard magnetic
reconnection models. We measure average inflow plane-of-sky speeds to range
from ~150-690 km/s with the initial, high-temperature inflows being the
fastest. Using the inflow speeds and a range of Alfven speeds, we estimate the
Alfvenic Mach number which appears to decrease with time. We also provide
inflow and outflow times with respect to RHESSI count rates and find that the
fast, high-temperature inflows occur simultaneously with a peak in the RHESSI
thermal lightcurve. Five candidate inflow-outflow pairs are identified with no
more than a minute delay between detections. The inflow speeds of these pairs
are measured to be 10^2 km/s with outflow speeds ranging from 10^2-10^3 km/s -
indicating acceleration during the reconnection process. The fastest of these
outflows are in the form of apparently traveling density enhancements along the
legs of the loops rather than the loop apexes themselves. These flows could
either be accelerated plasma, shocks, or waves prompted by reconnection. The
measurements presented here show an order of magnitude difference between the
retraction speeds of the loops and the speed of the density enhancements within
the loops - presumably exiting the reconnection site.Comment: 31 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, Accepted to ApJ (expected publication
~July 2012
Trans-Planckian signals from the breaking of local Lorentz invariance
This article examines how a breakdown of a locally Lorentz invariant,
point-like description of nature at tiny space-time intervals would translate
into a distinctive set of signals in the primordial power spectrum generated by
inflation. We examine the leading irrelevant operators that are consistent with
the spatial translations and rotations of a preferred, isotropically expanding,
background. A few of the resulting corrections to the primordial power spectrum
do not have the usual oscillatory factor, which is sometimes taken to be
characteristic of a "trans-Planckian" signal. Perhaps more interestingly, one
of these leading irrelevant operators exactly reproduces a correction to the
power spectrum that occurs in effective descriptions of the state of the field
responsible for inflation.Comment: 11 pages, no figures, uses ReVTe
The Kuiper Belt Luminosity Function from m(R)=21 to 26
We have performed an ecliptic imaging survey of the Kuiper belt with our
deepest and widest field achieving a limiting flux of m(g') = 26.4, with a sky
coverage of 3.0 square-degrees. This is the largest coverage of any other
Kuiper belt survey to this depth. We detect 72 objects, two of which have been
previously observed. We have improved the Bayesian maximum likelihood fitting
technique presented in Gladman et al. (1998) to account for calibration and sky
density variations and have used this to determine the luminosity function of
the Kuiper belt. Combining our detections with previous surveys, we find the
luminosity function is well represented by a single power-law with slope alpha
= 0.65 +/- 0.05 and an on ecliptic sky density of 1 object per square-degree
brighter than m(R)=23.42 +/- 0.13. Assuming constant albedos, this slope
suggests a differential size-distribution slope of 4.25 +/- 0.25, which is
steeper than the Dohnanyi slope of 3.5 expected if the belt is in a state of
collisional equilibrium. We find no evidence for a roll-over or knee in the
luminosity function and reject such models brightward of m(R) ~ 24.6.Comment: 50 Pages, 8 Figure
Subtoxic Alterations in Hepatocyte-Derived Exosomes: An Early Step in Drug-Induced Liver Injury?
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant clinical and economic problem in the United States, yet the mechanisms that underlie DILI remain poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that signaling molecules released by stressed hepatocytes can trigger immune responses that may be common across DILI mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles released by hepatocytes, principally hepatocyte-derived exosomes (HDEs), may constitute one such signal. To examine HDE alterations as a function of drug-induced stress, this work utilized prototypical hepatotoxicant acetaminophen (APAP) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, SD rat hepatocytes, and primary human hepatocytes. HDE were isolated using ExoQuick precipitation reagent and analyzed by quantification of the liver-specific RNAs albumin and microRNA-122 (miR-122). In vivo, significant elevations in circulating exosomal albumin mRNA were observed at subtoxic APAP exposures. Significant increases in exosomal albumin mRNA were also observed in primary rat hepatocytes at subtoxic APAP concentrations. In primary human hepatocytes, APAP elicited increases in both exosomal albumin mRNA and exosomal miR-122 without overt cytotoxicity. However, the number of HDE produced in vitro in response to APAP did not increase with exosomal RNA quantity. We conclude that significant drug-induced alterations in the liver-specific RNA content of HDE occur at subtoxic APAP exposures in vivo and in vitro, and that these changes appear to reflect selective packaging rather than changes in exosome number. The current findings demonstrate that translationally relevant HDE alterations occur in the absence of overt hepatocellular toxicity, and support the hypothesis that HDE released by stressed hepatocytes may mediate early immune responses in DILI
Predicting the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in Chinese people who have coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance
Aims Robust diabetes risk estimates in Asian patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and coronary heart disease (CHD) are lacking. We developed a Chinese type 2 diabetes risk calculator using Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial data. Methods There were 3105 placebo-treated ACE participants with requisite data for model development. Clinically relevant variables, and those showing nominal univariate association with new-onset diabetes (P <.10), were entered into BASIC (clinical variables only), EXTENDED (clinical variables plus routinely available laboratory results), and FULL (all candidate variables) logistic regression models. External validation was performed using the Luzhou prospective cohort of 1088 Chinese patients with IGT. Results Over median 5.0 years, 493 (15.9%) ACE participants developed diabetes. Lower age, higher body mass index, and use of corticosteroids or thiazide diuretics were associated with higher diabetes risk. C-statistics for the BASIC (using these variables), EXTENDED (adding male sex, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour glucose, and HbA1c), and FULL models were 0.610, 0.757, and 0.761 respectively. The EXTENDED model predicted a lower 13.9% 5-year diabetes risk in the Luzhou cohort than observed (35.2%, 95% confidence interval 31.3%-39.5%, C-statistic 0.643). Conclusion A risk prediction model using routinely available clinical variables can be used to estimate diabetes risk in Chinese people with CHD and IGT.Peer reviewe
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