Praktik dan Disparitas Putusan Hakim Dalam Menetapkan Force Majeure di Indonesia

Force majeure becomes one of debtor's objections when there is a default in an agreement. In determining the circumstances included in the force majeure criteria, the judge considers the clause of the agreement and the effect that results from a situation on the fulfillment of the achievement. Every incident may not be said to be a force majeure because it sees how much influence factors that influence achievement of achievement. Force majeure is determined because of several things based on the cause, nature, subject, and scope. Juridical provisions related to force majeure in Indonesia are contained in the Civil Code, Laws and Jurisprudence. This paper will discuss the practice of determining force majeure in Indonesia, which refers to a judge's decision that sets a situation as a force majeure. The purpose of this paper is to find out the judge's analysis in rejecting or establishing a forceful situation. The research method used in this paper is normative juridical or also called doctrinal law research. The author refers and reviews the jurisprudence that discusses force majeure to find out the differences in analysis caused by differences in case backgrounds.   Abstrak Force majeure menjadi salah satu tangkisan debitur ketika terjadi wanprestasi dalam suatu perjanjian. Dalam menentukan keadaan yang masuk dalam kriteria force majeure hakim mempertimbangkan klausula perjanjian serta pengaruh yang dihasilkan akibat suatu keadaan terhadap pemenuhan prestasi. Setiap kejadian belum tentu dapat dikatakan sebagai force majeure karena melihat seberapa besar faktor pengaruh yang mempengaruhi pemenuhan prestasi. Force majeure ditetapkan karena beberapa hal berdasarkan penyebabnya, sifatnya, subjeknya, dan ruang lingkupnya. Ketentuan yuridis terkait force majeure di Indonesia terdapat dalam KUH Perdata, Undang-Undang, dan yurisprudensi. Tulisan ini akan membahas praktik penetapan force majeure di Indonesia yang mengacu pada putusan hakim yang menetapkan suatu keadaan sebagai force majeure. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui analisis hakim dalam menolak atau menetapkan suatu keadaan memaksa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif atau disebut juga penelitian hukum doktrinal. Penulis mengacu dan mengulas pada yurisprudensi yang membahas mengenai force majeure untuk mengetahui perbedaan analisis yang disebabkan karena perbedaan latar belakang perkara.

Analisis Yuridis Lembaga Pengawas Eksternal dalam Pengawasan Badan Usaha Milik Desa

Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui kedudukan pengawasan eksternal dalam BUM Desa berkaitan dengan hal-hal apa saja yang dapat dilakukan oleh pengawas eksternal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode yuridis-normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, kasus, dan konseptual. Dalam tulisan ini ditemukan bahwa desa menggunakan dua konsep pengawasan yakni secara internal dan eksternal. Pengawasan internal merupakan pengawasan yang berasal dari desa dan diatur melalui PP No 21 Tahun 2021 tentang BUM Desa, sedangkan pengawasan eksternal yang berwenang untuk mengawasi BUM Desa merupakan pemerintah daerah yang diwakilkan oleh inspektorat serta Badan Pemerika Keuangan. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa pengawas eksternal memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan audit dengan kewenangan pemberian sanksi yang berbeda. Inspektorat memiliki kewenangan memberikan sanksi administrasi sedangkan bagi BPK tidak memiliki kewenangan untuk memberikan sanksi administrasi. Kedua pengawas ini pun tidak memiliki akses untuk menindak persoalan pidana karena harus diberikan kepada aparat penegak hukum sebagai yang berwenang. Kedua pengawas ini pun memiliki peran penting untuk mengoptimalkan pengawasan sehingga BUM Desa dapat berjalan secara akuntabel.Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui kedudukan pengawasan eksternal dalam BUM Desa berkaitan dengan hal-hal apa saja yang dapat dilakukan oleh pengawas eksternal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode yuridis-normatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, kasus, dan konseptual. Dalam tulisan ini ditemukan bahwa desa menggunakan dua konsep pengawasan yakni secara internal dan eksternal. Pengawasan internal merupakan pengawasan yang berasal dari desa dan diatur melalui PP No 21 Tahun 2021 tentang BUM Desa, sedangkan pengawasan eksternal yang berwenang untuk mengawasi BUM Desa merupakan pemerintah daerah yang diwakilkan oleh inspektorat serta Badan Pemerika Keuangan. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa pengawas eksternal memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan audit dengan kewenangan pemberian sanksi yang berbeda. Inspektorat memiliki kewenangan memberikan sanksi administrasi sedangkan bagi BPK tidak memiliki kewenangan untuk memberikan sanksi administrasi. Kedua pengawas ini pun tidak memiliki akses untuk menindak persoalan pidana karena harus diberikan kepada aparat penegak hukum sebagai yang berwenang. Kedua pengawas ini pun memiliki peran penting untuk mengoptimalkan pengawasan sehingga BUM Desa dapat berjalan secara akuntabel

Renewable Energy in Bangka Belitung Island Province

Bangka Belitung Island Province, which consists of 7 regencies/cities, has the potential for new renewable energy, both solar, wind, marine and biomass. Energy management policies in the regions have been outlined in regional regulations concerning the 2019-2050 regional general energy plan. It is targeted that in 2025, the energy mix will reach 17.21% and 30.97% in 2050. This article aims to highlight the potential and challenges on development and managing the renewable energy in Bangka Belitung Island Province

Persepsi mahasiswa tentang Childfree (pasangan suami Istri tanpa anak) : Penelitian pada mahasiswa jurusan Sosiologi angkatan 2018 Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati

Akhir-akhir ini jagat sosial di Indonesia diramaikan dengan konsep pernikahan tanpa anak atau disebut dengan konsep childfree. Konsep ini diterapkan dan diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat Indonesia oleh salah satu influencer bernama Gita Savitri. Hal tersebut memancing perhatian banyak masyarakat Indonesia. Ada yang mendukung penerapan konsep tersebut, dan adapula yang menentangnya karena dirasa tidak sesuai dengan kultur masyarakat dan menentang norma yang berlaku. Penelitian ini akan mendeskripsikan tentang childfree dalam persepsi individu melalui kegiatan wawancara terhadap mahasiswa sosiologi UIN Bandung. Beberapa rumusan masalah yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Bagaimana persepsi mahasiswa sosiologi terhadap childfree, 2) Bagaimana keputusan mahasiswa untuk menikah dan mempunyai anak, dan 3) Apa saja dampak dari keberadaan childfree. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan deskriptif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi pada beberapa mahasiswa sosiologi selaku informan. Kemudian peneliti memilih teori interaksionisme simbolik George Herbert Mead sebagai perspektif teori dan sebagai rujukan analisis data. Penemuan dalam penelitian meliputi: 1) Persepsi mahasiswa yang ditujukan terhadap childfree terbagi menjadi persepsi positif dan persepsi negatif. Persepsi positif adalah mahasiswa yang setuju dengan penerapan childfree ini, sedangkan persepsi negatif adalah mahasiswa yang menolak dengan adanya childfree, 2) Terdapat beberapa faktor pendorong atau alasan yang mempengaruhi persepsi informan terhadap childfree, seperti faktor agama, kebiasaan, minat, kebutuhan dan nilai yang dianut tiap masing-masing informan. Beberapa hal tersebut berperan besar dalam pembentukan penilaian individu terhadap suatu hal

Heat generation performance of a homemade friction stir welding tool

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is getting its popularity because it is considered as an environmentally friendly manufacturing. Homemade FSW tool to be attached to a conventional milling machine was designed and fabricated. Experimental investigation of FSW process of the Aluminum alloy work piece to observe its heat generation was performed. Since heat generation is the main objective in a FSW process, the importance of identification of heat generation performance in a welded specimen is paramount. Heat generation of a welded specimen during FSW was measured using infra red thermal camera. The limitation of the measurement is it only captured the heat generation at surrounding area and surface of the welded specimen. Therefore, the heat generation inside contact area could not be identified. To overcome this problem, a finite-element model of the FSW process was developed. A model consists of a solid model of half the welded specimen since the symmetrical behavior of the geometry and boundary condition was assumed. Heat transfer analysis of a solid body model of a work piece was computed. It was observed that FSW parameters which involved dominantly in the heat generation were spindle speed, feeding rate and normal force. The heat generation model of FSW process was validated with the one from the experimental investigation. Good agreement between the numerical and the experimental investigation result has been made

Recall Referendum sebagai Alternatif Proses Penggantian Antarwaktu Lembaga Legislatif di Indonesia

This article aims to provide democratic ideas related to the Intertemporal Replacement process and to find out about its less democratic practices so far. The research method used in this article is a normative juridical research method, with a statutory, case and conceptual approach. The purpose of this discussion is to analyze a memory process which is more democratic and more appropriate for application in Indonesia and to identify recall practices in Indonesia. The result of this study is that the recall process given to political parties only makes the recall instrument a tool for political parties in controlling their members in the legislative body as well as to scare their members who are against the policies of political parties. Things like this certainly hinder the development of democracy in the institutional system in Indonesia. This is shown from several recall cases which only for reasons contrary to political parties then expel their members from membership in the legislature. To change this practice, in this study, an interim replacement mechanism with a referendum recall process was initiated to involve the people in the process of dismissing members of the legislature so as to maintain the interests of political parties to remain democratic and prevent interim replacements from being used as weapons to frighten legislators. With the recall of the referendum, the people will be fully involved in the recall process so that the process becomes more transparent and democratic

Efektifitas Program CSR Hidroponik Rakit Apung Terhadap Peningkatan Taraf Hidup Penerima Manfaat Program

A company, in implementing a CSR program, aims to meet the needs of the community as beneficiaries of the CSR program. However, in practice, the expected results are often not obtained so that the main objectives of the program are not achieved. Program Hidroponik Rakit Apung in Kelurahan Mariana and LPP Kelas II A Palembang aims to increase people's income through hydroponic vegetable agribusiness. But then another problem arose. Hydroponic installations that use    pipes as planting media are quite expensive. Starting from seeds, installation of    pipes, rockwool, planting media, nutrition, and so on. So that an innovation emerged, namely the application of Hidroponik Rakit Apung using styrofoam. This then raises the question of the effectiveness of its implementation in improving the living standards of program beneficiaries. This research found that the Hidroponik Rakit Apung community development program had an impact on the energy efficiency of 109.8 KwH, emission reduction of 0.97722 Ton Co2eq, water efficiency of 300 liters, and utilization of Non-B3 waste of 21.6 kg. If assessed from the economic side, the saving value from energy use efficiency is Rp. 734,391, and the saving value from water use efficiency is Rp. 6,840. Based on the results obtained, the replacement of hydroponic installations that originally used pipes, to later become floating rafts or used Styrofoam, is considered effective and can improve people's lives

Finite element modelling of damage fracture and fretting fatigue

This paper summarises the research carried out to develop Finite Element (FE) modelling and predictive techniques for damage, fracture, fatigue and fretting fatigue problems. A damage model is developed based on Continuum Damage Mechanics and integrated within FE code. It is then used to predict the number of cycles to crack initiation in adhesively bonded joints. Furthermore, crack propagation algorithm is programmed within FE code using the principles of Fracture Mechanics and Paris law. The effect of mode mixity on crack propagation is taken into account using a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test specimen. Moreover, FE model of fretting fatigue aluminium test specimen is carried out in order to study the stress distribution and predict the crack propagation fatigue lifetime. Fretting fatigue problems involve two types of analyses; namely contact mechanics analysis and damage/fracture mechanics analysis. Both analyses are performed in FE code and the stress distribution along the contact surface between the two bodies is obtained and analysed. Furthermore, crack propagation analysis under fretting fatigue condition is presented. In most cases, the numerical results are compared to experimental ones

Improved performance in aluminium oxide tool inserts via post sintering using hybrid microwave energy

This research investigates the effect of hybrid microwave energy toward the enhancement of tool life in Al₂O₃ inserts. Post sintering was done using conventional and hybrid microwave sintering at 600°C for 15 mins and compared the findings with the original available commercial inserts. Mechanical testing such as density, hardness and compression strength were performed together with the micro structural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was done. Tool life of these Al₂O₃ inserts were analysed through dry machining using three different cutting speeds ( 245, 305 and 381 m/min) at the feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.2 mm. Two different workpieces were used in this research; T6061 Aluminium Alloy and Hardened Steel. Results have shown that the density and hardness remain quite similar with or without the post sintering effect. However, the material became slightly more brittle upon post sintering where conventional sintering produced a compression strength of 0.07 MPa while the hybrid microwave sintering produced a compression strength of 0.21 MPa. Tool life of Al₂O₃ inserts in dry machining of T6061 Aluminium alloy and Hardened Steel has increased by 27.0-40.0 % and 30.6-39.1 % respectively for the hybrid microwave post sintering

Damage detection based on the natural frequency shifting of a clamped rectangular plate model

Damage detection of any structure becomes the main concern in a failure analysis. Early failure detection is very important as it can prevent any catastrophic failure by replacing or repairing the damage part at early stage. One of the non-destructive methods of damage detection is using frequency based vibration analysis. Identification and comparison of a set of natural frequencies before and after damage is the main concern of this research. A rectangular plate clamped at all edges represented an initial undamaged structure. Based on Kachanov’s definition, damage existence in a structure is introduced in the presence of some circular voids. The voids are generated randomly at different level of damage value. To obtain the Natural Frequencies, a Finite Element Model (FEM) of a clamped plate with the updated value of Young’s Modulus is analyzed. From the FEM analysis result, it is found that the Natural Frequencies are shifted as the void existence increase. Using curve fitting, the model of Natural Frequency shifting as a function of damage evolution has been generated. It is found that the shifting of the Natural Frequency is greater at higher frequency value as indicated by the higher absolute gradient