Asumismenojen huomioon ottaminen toimeentulotuessa ja yleinen toimeentulotukitilanne kunnissa ja kuntayhtymissä syksyllä 2009

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Byrokraatti vai asiakaspalvelija? : Kelan virkailijan toimintatavat ja roolit Yhteyskeskuksessa palvelukulttuurin muutosten keskellä

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan puhelinpalvelussa työskentelevien Kelan virkailijoiden toimintatapoja ja rooleja asiakaspalvelutilanteissa palvelukulttuurin muutosten keskellä. Aineistona käytettiin Kelan yhteyskeskukseen tulleita asiakaspuheluita, joita analysoitiin laadullisilla tutkimusmenetelmillä. Tutkimuksessa pureudutaan aluksi vuonna 2006 käynnistyneen palvelutoiminnan kehittämishankkeen taustoihin. Hankkeessa on haluttu rakentaa Kelaan uudenlaista, asiakaslähtöisempää palvelukulttuuria ja pyritty karistamaan byrokratiaan usein liitettäviä negatiivisia mielikuvia. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, miten kehittämishankkeessa asetetut tavoitteet heijastuvat virkailijoiden toimintatapoihin puhelinpalvelussa ja mitkä toimintatavat tuottavat heistä mielikuvan asiakaspalvelijoina, mitkä byrokraatteina. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen näkökulma perustuu Erving Goffmanin, Peter L. Bergerin ja Thomas Luckmannin rooliteorioihin, Michael Lipskyn katutason byrokraatti -käsitteeseen ja institutionaalisen vuorovaikutuksen tutkimukseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että monet virkailijoiden toimintatavat puhelinpalvelussa tukevat mielikuvaa virkailijoista asiakaspalvelijoina. Virkailijat suhtautuvat asiakkaisiin ystävällisesti ja avuliaasti, kiirehtivät oma-aloitteisesti asiakkaan etuusasian käsittelyä ja toimivat aktiivisesti asiakkaan parhaaksi. Kokemus yksilöllisestä palvelusta syntyy virkailijan puhutellessa asiakasta yksilöidysti. Kieltäytyessään katsomasta asioita asiakkaan näkökulmasta ja vältellessään viittaamista asiakkaaseen virkailijat puolestaan luovat itselleen roolin kasvottomasti palvelevina byrokraatteina. Tulokset osoittavat myös, ettei puhelinpalvelun organisointitapa tue palvelutoiminnan kehittämishankkeessa asetettua tavoitetta kokonaisvaltaisesta, asiakkaan elämäntilanteen huomioivasta asiakaspalvelusta.8,00 euro

Density functional theory of the phase diagram of maximum density droplets in two-dimensional quantum dots in a magnetic field

We present a density-functional theory (DFT) approach to the study of the phase diagram of the maximum density droplet (MDD) in two-dimensional quantum dots in a magnetic field. Within the lowest Landau level (LLL) approximation, analytical expressions are derived for the values of the parameters $N$ (number of electrons) and $B$ (magnetic field) at which the transition from the MDD to a ``reconstructed'' phase takes place. The results are then compared with those of full Kohn-Sham calculations, giving thus information about both correlation and Landau level mixing effects. Our results are also contrasted with those of Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations, showing that DFT predicts a more compact reconstructed edge, which is closer to the result of exact diagonalizations in the LLL.Comment: ReVTeX 3.

Dynamics of magnetization coupled to a thermal bath of elastic modes

We study the dynamics of magnetization coupled to a thermal bath of elastic modes using a system plus reservoir approach with realistic magnetoelastic coupling. After integrating out the elastic modes we obtain a self-contained equation for the dynamics of the magnetization. We find explicit expressions for the memory friction kernel and hence, {\em via} the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem, for the spectral density of the magnetization thermal fluctuations. For magnetic samples in which the single domain approximation is valid, we derive an equation for the dynamics of the uniform mode. Finally we apply this equation to study the dynamics of the uniform magnetization mode in insulating ferromagnetic thin films. As experimental consequences we find that the fluctuation correlation time is of the order of the ratio between the film thickness, $h$, and the speed of sound in the magnet and that the line-width of the ferromagnetic resonance peak should scale as $B_1^2h$ where $B_1$ is the magnetoelastic coupling constant.Comment: Revised version as appeared in print. 12 pages 9 figure

Segregation, precipitation, and \alpha-\alpha' phase separation in Fe-Cr alloys: a multi-scale modelling approach

Segregation, precipitation, and phase separation in Fe-Cr systems is investigated. Monte Carlo simulations using semiempirical interatomic potential, first-principles total energy calculations, and experimental spectroscopy are used. In order to obtain a general picture of the relation of the atomic interactions and properties of Fe-Cr alloys in bulk, surface, and interface regions several complementary methods has to be used. Using Exact Muffin-Tin Orbitals method the effective chemical potential as a function of Cr content (0-15 at.% Cr) is calculated for a surface, second atomic layer and bulk. At ~10 at.% Cr in the alloy the reversal of the driving force of a Cr atom to occupy either bulk or surface sites is obtained. The Cr containing surfaces are expected when the Cr content exceeds ~10 at.%. The second atomic layer forms about 0.3 eV barrier for the migration of Cr atoms between bulk and surface atomic layer. To get information on Fe-Cr in larger scales we use semiempirical methods. Using combined Monte Carlo molecular dynamics simulations, based on semiempirical potential, the precipitation of Cr into isolated pockets in bulk Fe-Cr and the upper limit of the solubility of Cr into Fe layers in Fe/Cr layer system is studied. The theoretical predictions are tested using spectroscopic measurements. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy investigations were carried out to explore Cr segregation and precipitation in Fe/Cr double layer and Fe_0.95Cr_0.05 and Fe_0.85Cr_0.15 alloys. Initial oxidation of Fe-Cr was investigated experimentally at 10^-8 Torr pressure of the spectrometers showing intense Cr_2O_3 signal. Cr segregation and the formation of Cr rich precipitates were traced by analysing the experimental spectral intensities with respect to annealing time, Cr content, and kinetic energy of the exited electron.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, 52 reference

Maximum-entropy theory of steady-state quantum transport

We develop a theoretical framework for describing steady-state quantum transport phenomena, based on the general maximum-entropy principle of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The general form of the many-body density matrix is derived, which contains the invariant part of the current operator that guarantees the nonequilibrium and steady-state character of the ensemble. Several examples of the theory are given, demonstrating the relationship of the present treatment to the widely used scattering-state occupation schemes at the level of the self-consistent single-particle approximation. The latter schemes are shown not to maximize the entropy, except in certain limits

The Atomic Slide Puzzle: Self-Diffusion of an Impure Atom

In a series of recent papers van Gastel et al have presented first experimental evidence that impure, Indium atoms, embedded into the first layer of a Cu(001) surface, are not localized within the close-packed surface layers but make concerted, long excursions visualized in a series of STM images. Such excursions occur due to continuous reshuffling of the surface following the position exchanges of both impure and host atoms with the naturally occuring surface vacancies. Van Gastel et al have also formulated an original lattice-gas type model with asymmetric exchange probabilities, whose numerical solution is in a good agreement with the experimental data. In this paper we propose an exact lattice solution of several versions of this model.Comment: Latex, 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. E (RC