Evaluation of quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus, based on its complications, referred to Emam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud

زمینه و هدف: بیماری دیابت ملیتوس و عوارض ناشی از آن به عنوان یک مشکل بهداشتی عمده و هفتمین علت مرگ در ایالات متحده محسوب می گردد و همانند سایر بیماریهای مزمن، افزون بر مرگ و میر بالا، گرفتاریهای فردی، خانوادگی، اجتماعی و مالی بسیاری به همراه دارد. پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی کیفیت زندگی بیماران دیابتی بر اساس عوارض دیابت انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش که یک مطالعه توصیفی - تحلیلی است تعداد 150 بیمار مبتلا به بیماری دیابت نوع II مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان امام حسین (ع) شاهرود بر اساس مشخصات مورد نظر پژوهشگر و به صورت غیر تصادفی انتخاب گردیدند و بر اساس نوع عوارض ناشی از بیماری دیابت در 4 گروه (بدون عارضه، دارای عوارض میکروواسکولر، دارای عوارض ماکروواسکولر، دارای هم عوارض میکرو و هم ماکروواسکولر) تقسیم بندی شدند. انتخاب نمونه بر اساس فاکتورهای: سن، جنس، میزان سواد و غیره صورت گرفت. کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به بیماری دیابت نوع II در ابعاد عملکرد فیزیکی، عملکرد روحی-روانی و اجتماعی بر اساس پرسشنامه استاندارد ADDQoL (Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life) سنجیده شد و با استفاده از آزمونهای آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (تی مستقل، آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون توسط نرم افزار SPSSمورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج حاصل از پژوهش، میانگین سنی واحدهای مورد پژوهش 59 سال بود. بیشترین درصد واحدهای پژوهش 3/79 متأهل و 7/62 بی سواد بودند و 3/81 آنان دارای درآمد متوسط ماهیانه کمتر از 100 هزار تومان بودند. بیشترین درصد واحدهای پژوهش 7/78 اظهار داشتند که هیچ دوره آموزش خاصی در ارتباط با بیماری دیابت نگذرانیده اند. میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی کل در گروه بدون عوارض 6/11±4/60، در گروه با عوارض میکروواسکولر 4/10±4/56، در گروه با عوارض ماکروواسکولر 8/8±61 و در گروه با عوارض میکرو- ماکروواسکولر 7/11±1/50 محاسبه گردید. آزمونهای آماری رابطه معنی داری بین میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی واحدهای مورد پژوهش و متغیرهای دموگرافیک آنان نشان ندادند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که عوارض دیابت اثرات معکوس و معنی داری بر تمامی ابعاد کیفیت زندگی بیماران دارد. لذا تشخیص سریع دیابت و عوارض دراز مدت ناشی از این بیماری و بکارگیری استراتژی های درمانی و مراقبتی مناسب در جهت رفع یا کاهش این عوارض یک ضرورت اساسی محسوب می گردد

Effect of manual lymph drainage massage on hand edema and shoulder pain in hemiplegic-paretic patients post stroke

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: درد شانه و ادم دست ناشی از همی‏پلژی یا همی‏پارزی یک یافته شایع پس از سکته مغزی می باشند که استقلال بیمار را در انجام فعالیت روزمره بشدت محدود می نماید. پژوهش حاضر به منظور تعیین تأثیر تکنیک ماساژ تخلیه لنف (Manual lymph drainage)بر میزان ادم دست و درد شانه بیماران مبتلا به همی‏پارزی-همی‏پلژی اندام فوقانی پس از سکته مغزی انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی، تعداد 62 بیمار 70-35 ساله مبتلا به همی پارزی - همی پلژی اندام فوقانی در اثر سکته مغزی که دچار درد شانه یا ادم دست بودند، انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در گروه آزمون و شاهد قرار داده شدند. سپس برای هر یک از نمونه‏های گروه آزمون 5 جلسه ماساژ تخلیه لنف (هر روز یک جلسه و بمدت 20 دقیقه) انجام شد. وضعیت حسی، عاطفی، شدت درد و همچنین ارزیابی کلی درد شانه و همچنین اندازه دور مچ دست و قسمت میانی بازو با استفاده از پرسشنامه سنجش درد مگ گیل (MPQ-SF= McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form) و خط کش نواری، قبل و 24 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه ماساژ در هر دو گروه آزمون و شاهد اندازه‏گیری و در بین دو گروه مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ها توسط آزمون های آماری توصیفی و تحلیلی (t مستقل، t زوجی، کای دو، آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه و ضریب همبستگی) صورت گرفت. یافته ها: میانگین شاخص حسی درد شانه گروه آزمون قبل از ماساژ 9/0±3/2 و پس از ماساژ 4/0±3/1 محاسبه گردید (05/0

Analysis of the comprehensive nursing final exam in Shahroud Faculty of Medical Sciences

هر آزمونی به عنوان ابزار سنجش و اندازه گیری می باید دارای روایی و پایایی کافی برای سنجش صفت موردنظر باشد. با استفاده از آزمون های ریاضی و آمار می توان آزمون ها را تحلیل نمود و صحت عمل آنها را سنجید. هدف از انجام این تحقیق تحلیل سوالات جامع آزمون نهایی پرستاری به عنوان اصلی ترین روش ارزشیابی تکوینی در دانشکده علوم پزشکی شاهرود می باشد. در این پژوهش هریک از 360 سوال مجموع سوال های آزمون جامع نهایی از نظر ضریب دشواری، ضریب تمیز، روایی، پایایی، وجود گزینه های انحرافی و غیره مورد ارزیابی و تحلیل قرار گرفتند تا نقاط ضعف و قوت هر سوال و کل آزمون تعیین گردد. نتایج کسب شده در خصوص میزان دشواری هر سوال در هریک از خرده آزمون ها نشان داد که دروس بهداشت جامعه و بهداشت مادران و نوزادان بترتیب با 42 و 40 سوال با ضریب دشواری بسیار بالا (71-1) دارای بیشترین سوال آسان در مجموعه آزمون ها بود. درحالی که در درس داخلی جراحی 2 با 18 سوال با ضریب دشواری بسیار بالا، کمترین سوالات آسان را دارا بود. عمده ترین مشکل طراحی سوال در آزمون جامع نهایی پرستاری در دانشکده علوم پزشکی شاهرود طراحی سوالات با ضریب سهولت بالا (دشواری اندک) و دارای گزینه های فاقد کارآیی برای متمایز ساختن دانشجویان قوی از ضعیف می باشد علاوه بر این استفاده از آزمون های مناسب برای تحلیل سوالات آزمون اجتناب ناپذیر است. پژوهشگران استفاده از روش دونیمه کردن را به جای روش کودر-ریچاردسون 20 توصیه می نمایند

Phosgene Toxicity Clinical Manifestations and Treatment: A Systematic Review

Exposure to phosgene, a colourless poisonous gas, can lead to various health issues including eye irritation, a dryand burning throat, vomiting, coughing, the production of foamy sputum, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain. Thissystematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations and treatment of phosgenetoxicity by systematically analyzing available literature. The search was carried out on various scientific online databasesto include related studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria with the use of PRISMA guidelines. The quality ofthe studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Thirteen articles were included in thisstudy after the screening process. Inhalation was found to be the primary health problem of phosgene exposure withrespiratory symptoms such as coughing and dyspnea. Chest pain and pulmonary oedema were also observed in somecases. Furthermore, pulmonary crackle was the most common reported physical examination. Beyond respiratory tracthealth issues, other organs involvements such as cardiac, skin, eye, and renal were also reported in some studies. Thesymptoms can occur within minutes to hours after exposure, and the severity of symptoms depends on the amount ofinhaled phosgene. The findings showed that bronchodilators can alleviate symptoms of bronchoconstriction causedby phosgene. Oxygen therapy is essential for restoring oxygen levels and improving respiratory function in casesof hypoxemia. In severe cases, endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation are used for artificialrespiration, along with the removal of tracheal secretions and pulmonary oedema fluid through suctioning as crucialcomponents of supportive therapy

An Epidemiologic Study of Deceased Pedestrians in Road Traffic Accidents in Iran during 2012<b>-</b>2013

Background and Objectives: Due to the high rate of pedestrian deaths in traffic accidents and given that describing demographic profiles of pedestrian deaths and features of accident locations is an important factor in the prevention, management, and analysis of road traffic accidents, this study aimed at describing the demographic and personal patterns as well as environmental factors affecting the occurrence of road traffic accidents among pedestrians in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all pedestrian deaths caused by traffic accidents referred to the Forensic Medicine Organization in Iran from March 20, 2012, to March 19, 2013. In this study, demographic information as well as the information related to the accidents and other information including trauma location, the final cause of death, date of accident, date of death, time of death, and time of accident were examined. The information received from the Forensic Medicine Organization was first controlled and then analyzed using the Stata 11 software. Results: From a total of 4371 pedestrians died in 2012 due to traffic accidents, 3201 cases (73.2) were males with a mean age of 48.1 ± 0.46 years, and 1170 cases (23.8) were females with the mean age of 46.1 ± 0.77 years. In terms of age, education, and marital status, the highest frequencies of pedestrian deaths were, respectively, observed in the age group 65 years old and above (33.4), the illiterate group (44.5), and married people (67.9). The highest and the lowest incidence rates of death were seen in Gilan (11 per 1000 people) and South Khorasan Provinces (2.4 per 100,000), respectively. Conclusions: Pedestrians as the most vulnerable people in traffic accidents comprise a large proportion of deaths and disabilities caused by road traffic accidents. It seems necessary to take some measures including paying special attention to physiological characteristics of the age group above 65 years old, doing close monitoring by the traffic police in October and the rush hours, and providing facilities for pedestrians to cross in busy locations of suburban areas

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Seminal Plasma Magnesium and Premature Ejaculation: a Case-Control Study

Introduction: Our aim was to determine the relationship between genuine premature ejaculation and serum and seminal plasma magnesium.Materials and Methods: In a case-control study carried out between January 2002 and December 2003, 19 patients with premature ejaculation were evaluated and compared with 19 patients without premature ejaculation. Patients with organic and psychogenic causes were excluded. Seminal plasma and serum magnesium levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometery. Results: Seminal plasma magnesium levels in study patients (94.73 ± 10.87 mg/L) were significantly lower than they were in controls (116.68 ± 11.63 mg/L, P Conclusion: Genuine premature ejaculation has a significant relationship with decreased levels of seminal plasma magnesium. Further studies are needed to clarify the actual role of magnesium in the physiology of the male reproductive tract, especially its association with premature ejaculation.</span