Evolución técnica de la evaluación de proyectos públicos. La formación del precio de cuenta del trabajo

El problema básico de una economía es la limitación de sus recursos centrales: capital, trabajo, recursos naturales y divisas. Todos los gobiernos deben enfrentarse pues, al problema de cómo distribuir esos recursos centrales entre múltiples usos alternativos. El objetivo que guíe esas decisiones debe ser en cualquier caso conseguir el máximo beneficio posible para la sociedad. A medida que las intervenciones públicas han ido convirtiéndose en uno de los principales instrumentos de política económica, y el gasto público alcanzaba importantes dimensiones, comenzó a surgir la preocupación por la eficiencia de dichas intervenciones. A ello contribuyó además la instauración de regímenes democráticos, que permitían una mayor participación de los ciudadanos en la toma de decisiones de política económica. De esta manera empezaron a desarrollarse diversas técnicas con el fin de evaluar los distintos proyectos alternativos, y determinar así su conveniencia desde el punto de vista social. En definitiva, se trataba de valorar los costes y beneficios sociales de cada proyecto, para hacerlos comparables y poder discriminar entre ellos

LOS PRECIOS SOMBRA EN ESPAÑA A PARTIR DEL ANÁLISIS INPUT-OUTPUT

This paper presents the description of a methodology based on input-output analysis which permits the estimation of the shadow prices for goods and resources in an economy. Application for Spain is presented as well. The results show that in general shadow prices are different from market prices, and this implies the direct use of the later in social analysis is not valid. Finally, a theoretical proposal to include external effects of production in the initial model is presented. Classification-JEL : B41, D61, E61, E62social project appraisal, shadow prices, input-output analysis, spillovers

Sustainability and adequacy of the Spanish pension system after the 2013 reform: a microsimulation analysis [WP]

Concerns about the consequences of demographic ageing on the sustainability of the pension system has led to the adoption of reforms reducing pension expenditure. However, the impact of these reforms on pension adequacy is now coming under increasing scrutiny. Taking recent Spanish reform as an example, this paper analyses the extent to which fostering pension sustainability threatens pension adequacy. Using an extension of the DyPeS behavioural microsimulation model, results show that the introduction of mechanisms linking retirement pensions to the evolution of the social security budget balance has strong and negative effects on adequacy. The gains in sustainability are mainly driven by the significant fall in the benefit ratio (average pension to average wage), worsening the relative economic position of pensioners throughout forthcoming decades, reversing the past trend

Sustainability and adequacy of the Spanish pension system after the 2013 reform: a microsimulation analysis

Concerns about the consequences of demographic ageing on the sustainability of the pension system has led to the adoption of reforms reducing pension expenditure. However, the impact of these reforms on pension adequacy is now coming under increasing scrutiny. Taking recent Spanish reform as an example, this paper analyses the extent to which fostering pension sustainability threatens pension adequacy. Using an extension of the DyPeS behavioural microsimulation model, results show that the introduction of mechanisms linking retirement pensions to the evolution of the social security budget balance has strong and negative effects on adequacy. The gains in sustainability are mainly driven by the significant fall in the benefit ratio (average pension to average wage), worsening the relative economic position of pensioners throughout forthcoming decades, reversing the past trend

Intergenerational transfers in Spain : the role of education

This research received institutional support from the Spanish Science and Technology System (Project numbers ECO2015-67999-R MINECO/FEDER, ECO2016-78991-R MINECO/FEDER and CSO2016-77449-R), the Catalan Government Science Network (Project number SGR2014-1257), the XREPP - Xarxa de Referència en R+D+I en Economia i Politiques Publiques (XREPP) of Catalan Government, the Red de excelencia SIMBIEN ECO2015- 71981-REDT, the Agaur grant number FI-DGR 2013, and the European Commission through the VII Framework Programme (AGENTA project, grant agreement no: 613247). Elisenda Renteria acknowledges the support from the sub-program Juan de la Cierva (JdlC-I-2014-21178) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.This paper shows the estimates of National Transfer Accounts (NTA) for Spain in 2006 disaggregated by education level. Overall, our results indicate that, besides age population composition, education level has a big impact on the economic behavior of households and, hence, on the aggregate economy. Educated households tend to participate more and longer in the labor market, to produce more and, consequently, to consume more. As differences in consumption are lower than in labor income, they are able to contribute to the public system with higher taxes and contributions, and they depend less on public transfers over their lifecycle. Therefore, education seems to be crucial to sustain the welfare state in an ageing society

The role of gender, education and family in the welfare organization: Disaggregating National Transfer Accounts

In this paper, we extend the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology to obtain the age profiles simul- taneously disaggregated by gender, education level and family structure. We present the results for four countries (Austria, Spain, Finland and the UK), analysing the roles of these three dimensions in the both inter and intragenerational distribution of resources. We find interesting differences across countries, some of them related to the degree and age direction of the familiarization of different welfare state regimes. Finland excels as the country with the highest level of public transfers, and in particular for the elderly and for parents of working ages. In Austria, public transfers are also generous for children and the elderly, and there are substantial family benefits. In the UK and Spain, public transfers are much lower and family-related allowances are almost insig- nificant. Consequently, in Spain, private transfers from parents to children are the highest, while in the UK asset reallocations play a significant role in financing elderly consumption. Overall, our analysis provides interesting insights on how gender, redistribution policies and family structure interact with the welfare organizatio

The gender gap in paid and unpaid work along the life cycle: The role of household arrangements

We examined how men and women in Spain contribute to market and nonmarket production and share it among household members in various living arrangements, considering the role of partnership and parenthood status. Extending the National Transfer Accounts method, our results show that women produce more in the market at the beginning of the life cycle, but when they become a couple or have children, they focus on nonmarket production, widening the gender gap. Men have relatively stable market production whether they are fathers or not. Moreover, when living alone, men are able to produce the housework they consume. However, when they live together in a couple (without children), their household production decreases and their consumption increases at the expense of the transfers from their partner. Parenthood has a positive effect on men’s care work, but overall, women spend more time on paid and unpaid work combined, regardless of living arrangements.

Dones i homes, consum i producció al llarg de la vida. Una relació desigual

A Espanya continua havent-hi una important diferència entre l'activitat productiva d'homes i dones. Mentre que els homes dediquen gran part de la seva vida activa a feines remunerades, les dones passen més temps tenint cura dels infants i de les persones grans dependents, a més de gestionar la llar. Aquest estudi presenta els perfils per edat de consum i producció remunerada i no remunerada, diferenciats per sexe. Els resultats posen de manifest la importància que tenen la cura i les activitats no remunerades en el benestar de les persones, com també la necessitat de repensar el sistema de polítiques públiques i socials amb l'objectiu de reduir els costos de conciliar la vida familiar amb la laboral. Aquesta necessitat és evident en el cas de les dones, que, quan són mares, incrementen considerablement les hores de feina totals i, en molts casos, queden excloses de la protecció que impliquen les feines remunerades.En España continúa existiendo una importante diferencia entre la actividad productiva de hombres y mujeres. Mientras que los hombres dedican la mayor parte de su vida activa a trabajos remunerados, las mujeres pasan más tiempo cuidando a los niños y a los mayores dependientes, además de gestionar la casa. En este estudio se presentan los perfiles por edad de consumo y producción remunerada y no remunerada diferenciados por sexo. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia que tienen los cuidados y las actividades no remuneradas en el bienestar de las personas, así como la necesidad de repensar el sistema de políticas públicas y sociales con el objetivo de reducir los costes de conciliar la vida familiar con el trabajo. Esta necesidad es evidente en el caso de las mujeres, que, cuando son madres, incrementan considerablemente sus horas de trabajo totales y, en muchos casos, quedan excluidas de la protección que supone tener un empleo remunerado.A significant difference still exists in Spain between the productive activity of men and women. While men devote the larger part of their active life to paid work, women spend more time caring for children and elderly dependents, as well as running the household. This study presents the profiles by age, of consumption and paid and unpaid production differentiated by sex. The results clearly manifest the importance of care tasks and unpaid activities for people's wellbeing, along with the need to rethink the system of public and social policies with the aim of reducing the costs of reconciling family life with work. This need is evident in the case of women, who, when they are mothers, see a considerable increase in their total working hours and, in many cases, are excluded from the protection represented by being in paid employment

The Welfare State and the demographic dividend: A cross-country comparison

The sustainability of the welfare state is in doubt in many developed countries due to drastic population ageing. The extent of the problem and the margin for reforms depend - among other factors - on the size of the ageing process and the size of the public transfer system. The latter has a crucial impact on the extent to which the first demographic dividend previous to the ageing process turns into a second demographic dividend. The contribution of the different factors driving the demographic dividend is, ultimately, an empirical question. In this paper we contribute to the debate, exploding the cross-country comparison potentialities of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) database. In particular, we introduce different configurations of the welfare state transfers – Sweden, United States and Spain - into a realistic demography Overlapping Generations, OLG, model and simulate its effects on the second demographic dividend

The welfare state and demographic dividends

The demographic transition experienced by developed countries produces initial positive effects on economic growth ‒ the first demographic dividend ‒ which can be extended into a second demographic dividend if baby boomers' savings increase capital accumulation. Nevertheless, aging might reverse this process if dissaving of elderly baby boomers and the pressure on the pay-as-you-go financed welfare state reduce savings and capital