SAPANA : creating a marketing tool for social enterprises

This thesis presents the issue of self-sustainability of social enterprises through the example of Sapana. This organization aims at developing a marketing tool for other social enterprises use, so they can simultaneously work effectively and reach their social mission. Starting by questioning ―How can social enterprises develop marketing tools to help social and economic value co-creation?‖ my research intends to identify the company‘s critical practices and methodology that were adopted, enabling the creation of both social and economic value by constantly involving critical stakeholders. With my analysis I propose essential components that should be present in the marketing tool. Social enterprises can adapt them to their business strategy, in order to effectively engage in the value co-creation process. This study can function as a guideline to social enterprises by offering them simple rules to succeed with their projects. They can find advice to shape their primary features in order to reach self-sustainability in the long-term.Esta tese apresenta a questão da auto-sustentabilidade das empresas sociais através do exemplo de Sapana. Esta organização procura desenvolver uma ferramenta de marketing a ser utilizada por outras empresas sociais, de forma que estas possam trabalhar efectivamente e alcançar a sua missão social ao mesmo tempo. Começando por questionar "Como as empresas sociais podem desenvolver ferramentas de marketing para ajudar na co-criação de valor social e económico?" a minha pesquisa visa identificar as práticas cruciais e a metodologia da Sapana que foram adoptadas, permitindo a criação de valor económico e social, envolvendo sempre stakeholders fundamentais. Com a minha análise proponho os componentes essenciais que devem estar presentes na ferramenta de marketing. As empresas sociais podem adaptá-los à sua estratégia de negócio de forma a comprometerem-se efectivamente com o processo de co-criação de valor. Este estudo pode funcionar como guia para outras empresas sociais oferecendo-lhes regras simples para ter sucesso com os seus projectos. Desta forma, podem encontrar conselhos para moldar os elementos essenciais a fim de alcançar a auto-sustentabilidade no longo-prazo

A lateral alveolar: contributo para o estudo da aquisição atípica em português europeu

Pela complexidade fonética e fonológica e pela aquisição tardia infantil, /l/ tem sido alvo de interesse por parte de investigadores e de terapeutas da fala. Nos trabalhos sobre a aquisição fonológica típica, a lateral alveolar tem sido referida como um segmento de aquisição problemático em português europeu (PE). A prática clínica sugere também que /l/ é de difícil generalização, colocando-se a hipótese de existir uma mudança linguística em curso que legitime esta dificuldade crescente. Todavia, não existem dados de referência no PE sobre como a lateral alveolar é adquirida pelas crianças portuguesas com desenvolvimento atípico. A presente dissertação visa refletir sobre o processo de aquisição fonológica atípica, apresentando dados de produção infantil de crianças com Perturbações do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (PDL) e com Perturbações dos Sons da Fala (PSF) extraídos do corpus PhonoDis (taxas de sucesso e estratégias de reconstrução). Dado que, para a avaliação do desenvolvimento atípico, necessitamos de descrições do comportamento de crianças com um perfil linguístico típico, confrontamos os nossos resultados com os dados já disponíveis na literatura de crianças portuguesas sem diagnóstico clínico associado ao seu desenvolvimento linguístico. Assumindo o quadro teórico da fonologia não-linear, centramo-nos nos constituintes sílaba, pé e palavra prosódica, trabalhando com as variáveis constituinte silábico, posição na palavra e acento de palavra. Paralelamente, o presente estudo visa contribuir para a reflexão, à luz da teoria fonológica e de dados de aquisição atípica, sobre as propostas teóricas relativas ao estatuto de /l/ em PE. Os resultados por nós obtidos permitiram observar que as crianças com alterações fonológicas, tanto com PDL como com PSF, apresentam maiores dificuldades quando /l/ se encontra em posições silábicas ramificadas, ou seja, Ataque ramificado e Rima ramificada. Quando comparados os nossos dados com os da amostra típica, verificamos contrastes entre os desempenhos linguísticos dos dois grupos (típico vs. atípico), para as duas posições silábicas referidas, sendo a lateral alveolar em Ataque ramificado e em Coda fortes candidatos a marcadores clínicos de crianças com perturbações fonológicas primárias em PE. Resultados relativos à posição na palavra revelam, para as duas subamostras clínicas, a ausência de comportamento linguísticos homogéneos. A respeito da variável acento de palavra, a posição tónica revelou ser um contexto facilitador de produção de /l/ para o grupo com PDL; para o grupo com PSF, não se registou uma tendência de aquisição. No que concerne as estratégias de reconstrução, o amplo uso de [w] e a residual frequência de variantes oclusivas, tanto orais como nasais, para o alvo /l/ parecem indiciar o processamento da lateral alveolar como [+contínuo]. A adoção da semivogal arredondada e a aquisição tardia de /l/ argumentam a favor da integração do traço [+aproximante] na representação fonológica da lateral alveolar em PE. Por fim, o registo residual de [ɾ] para alvos com /l/ permite questionar o processamento de /l/ e de /ɾ/ como membros de uma mesma classe natural das líquidas. Os nossos dados parecem, assim, reforçar a hipótese de uma mudança linguística em curso associada ao /l/, com o segmento a integrar a classe natural das aproximantes. Todavia, identifica-se a necessidade de aumentar a amostra, no sentido de testar os padrões de aquisição identificados no presente trabalho.Due to its phonetic and phonological complexity and to its late acquisition by children, /l/ has been the object of interest of both researchers and speech therapists. In studies on typical phonological acquisition, the alveolar lateral has been referred to as a problematic phoneme in the acquisition of European Portuguese (EP). Moreover, the clinical practice suggests that /l/ is difficult to generalize, thus leading to the hypothesis that an undergoing linguistic change may be driving this difficulty. However, there is no data regarding EP and the way the alveolar lateral is acquired by Portuguese children with atypical development. This thesis aims to reflect on the process of atypical phonological acquisition by presenting production data (success rates and repair strategies) from children with Developmental Language Disorders (DLD) and Speech Sound Disorders (SSD) taken from corpus PhonoDis. Given that an account of the behavior of children with a typical linguistic profile is needed to properly assess atypical development, we compare our results with the existing literature on typically-developing Portuguese children. We follow here the theoretical framework of non-linear phonology, with a focus on the syllable, the foot, and the prosodic word, and work with the variables syllable structure, word-level position, and word stress. Parallelly, this study aims to contribute to the discussion of the theoretical proposals made on the phonological status of /l/ in EP, based on the aforementioned framework and data on atypical acquisition. Our results suggest that children with phonological disorders, be it DLD or SSD, experience more difficulties when /l/ occurs in heavy syllables, that is, either in a Branching onset or in a Branching rime. The comparison of our data with the data from the typically-developing sample has shown a contrast between the linguistic performance of both samples (typical vs. atypical) regarding the two aforementioned syllabic positions. Importantly, alveolar laterals occurring in a Branching Onset position or in Coda position seem to behave as strong indicators of clinical markers for children with major phonological disorders in EP. Our results reveal the absence of a homogeneous linguistic behavior regarding the variable word-level position in both clinical samples. As for the variable word stress, the stressed position seems to facilitate the production of /l/ in children with DLD; however, no acquisition patterns were observed for children with SSD. On what concerns the restructuring strategies applied to /l/ as a target, the wide use of [w], coupled with the residual use of both oral and nasal stop variants, seems to indicate that the alveolar lateral is being processed as [+continuous]. The adoption of a rounded glide and the late acquisition of /l/ lead us to argue for the integration of the feature [+approximant] in the phonological representation of the alveolar lateral in EP. Lastly, the residual use of [ɾ] as a restructuring strategy for /l/ leads us to question the assumption that /l/ and /ɾ/ are both processed as liquids. Our results reinforce the hypothesis of an undergoing linguistic change regarding the phonological status of /l/ and its integration within approximant sounds. Nonetheless, an increase of the sample is needed in order to test the acquisition patterns identified in this study

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Resumos concluídos - Bioquímica

Resumos concluídos - Bioquímic

Resumos concluídos - Bioquímica

Resumos concluídos - Bioquímic